International labor mobility-what is International labor mobility?
International labor mobility is labor from one country to another country transfer.International labor activities, labor exporting and labor importing countries have important economic significance.
The status of international labor mobility:
At present, the international labor market is diversified, can be roughly divided into the European market, North America, Asia (Middle East single), Middle East and Latin American markets several major sections. Among them, Asia, Europe and North America is a major destination of international labor mobility. The ILO report in 2004 in Asia, North America and Europe, foreign workers were 2210 million 2050 million and 2750 million, respectively, of global 27% of the total foreign workers, 25% and 34% (see Table 1), together accounted for 86% of all foreign workers.
North America and Western Europe has been the main destination for foreign workers to absorb workers from neighboring countries and around the world junior professionals. Middle East oil-producing countries was a major inflow of labor in Asia, but since the 1990s, as oil prices have reduced the attractiveness of the Middle East oil producers. The economic rise of Southeast Asia, so that some Southeast Asian countries gradually evolved into the labor receiving countries, or both output and input of labor countries, except South Asia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and other countries still outside the main purpose of the Gulf countries, Southeast Asian countries also began to labor in the region Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea and other places to look for work. Figure 1 shows in the 1990s in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand in Southeast Asia to the Middle East and the changing balance transfer service.
In addition, Italy and Greece and other southern European countries was a net exporter of labor, is also North Africa and other countries began to receive foreign workers. Currently, the local labor movement in Latin America continues to expand, Venezuela, Argentina has a sizable foreign labor force.
International classification of labor mobility
According to World Bank classification, the international labor movement is divided into "elements of services" and "non-factor services" two.
1, elements of labor
Elements of labor refers to labor as a production output of the first element directly into the production process, the importing country's material production sector to create material products. Generally speaking, the output of the labor force engaged in industrial and agricultural production department of labor, is the factor of labor export.
2, elements of non-labor
Elements of non-labor export labor is not directly material to enter the production process, but in the non-material production to labor-importing countries to provide labor and services. Non-factor services, including many projects of which the import and export of goods, including some directly related to the dependent activities, such as transportation, insurance, handling, etc.; also includes many activities unrelated to the import and export commodities, such as tourism, culture and education, consulting services.
The causes of international labor mobility
1, the distribution of production factors in the imbalance of international
Any country can have its economic development needs of all technology and resources. Part of the developed countries and regions, population aging and declining population growth rate, to varying degrees, faced with their own labor shortage. Most developing countries, inadequate funding, technological backwardness, under the pressure of growing population and employment pressure. There are some countries, capital adequacy, rich in natural resources, but the lack of labor and advanced technology. As long as there are national and regional imbalances and the natural resources of technical differences, including labor resources at the national and inter-regional mobility and reassembly will be unavoidable. Therefore, the distribution of production factors in the international imbalance, labor mobility is the creation and development of the foundation and prerequisite conditions.
2, the development and deepening of international division of labor mobility is an important reason for
Deepening of international division of labor, so that national and inter-regional economic ties and complementarities further strengthened. Such as the U.S. capital and technology-intensive industries and developed countries, but the height of the development of agricultural mechanization can not completely replace the manual labor, the busy season still a large number of foreign workers. Japan, Germany's high-tech industry is well developed, but the iron and steel, construction, automobile manufacturing and other traditional industries are still indispensable, as the transfer of its services to high-tech industry, you must enter a large number of foreign labor to supplement the traditional industry's "space."
3, the development of international aid
After World War II, the World Bank and some other international economic organizations, to provide a large number of developing countries in international aid for reconstruction of these countries, large infrastructure and industrial and agricultural production projects. However, many developing countries lack the technical equipment and technical personnel, inability to self-construction and operation, have an international tender in accordance with international practices, to attract his country's technology, equipment and technical management personnel. Some Governments have a special way of using foreign aid to support the development of their foreign labor exports.
