Lalique-about Lalique
(Lalique)
Country of Origin: France
Products: crystal, perfume, glassware
France LALIQUE , which marks the crystallization of the top art of internationally renowned crystal brand, is the world's oldest and most famous crystal brands. Lalique for its superb craftsmanship, and originality were designed to have won praise worldwide collectors, regardless of its fine crystal or glass crafts are highly restrained aristocratic elegance. Today, with a French Lalique crystal products are the very pursuit of style, especially in Europe and the United States. Lalique limited edition crystal products, often also during the production have already been sold out.
Lalique by Lalique-Brand Story
René Lalique (1860-1945 years) to create, his passion for life, genius artist in 1885, has by virtue of their unique design and manufacturing methods to bring revolutionary change in the world of jewelry, his avant-garde, unlike When the world of professional design and manufacturing techniques, creating many enduring masterpieces, his works have remained fascinated by museums and collectors of art treasures.
René Lalique design since 1908, after the first perfume bottles, and create the most exquisite perfume bottles perfume packaging design and exquisite new situation since then, a number of perfume brands have invited to join René Lalique, design work for its unique brand of perfume charm bottle. Among them, the most elegant taste than reflect the intrinsic Lalique perfume bottle by René Lalique and well-built Lalique fragrances. Over the years, Lalique sections filled with artistic beauty, classic and limited edition perfume bottles have become collectors loved the world's treasures.
Every one in Paris at the Lalique boutique shop, all at the same time be able to feel the traditional culture and modern fashion impact. A century, Lalique has developed a number of different product lines include: ornaments, perfumes, tableware, glassware, ceramics products. In the men's subsidiary products includes: ashtrays, glasses and glasses; while for women designed products include: jewelry, watches, scarves, handbags and belts.
Lalique crystal products, the most adept at using the surface of glass and frosted contrast, alternate taste, but a series of clever crafted mouth blown crystal wine glass, drinking glasses, a glass of champagne, and Sheng bottle, looks the same for each one of atmospheric and elegant ... ... LALIQUE represents a purely manual skills of the new achievements. Can be said that Lalique's world, the position of the glass master can never be taken on behalf of the machine, they have "the finest artisans in France," in the world. Is precisely such a tradition since its creation by virtue of the principles and exquisite hand, Lalique and continually develop, in order to devote more crystal world of art.
Wednesday, December 30, 2009
CHANEL-Coco Chanel
CHANEL-Basic Profile
Founder: Gabrielle Chanel
Of registration: Paris, France (1913)
Designer: 1913 -1971 Gabrielle Chanel (Gabrielle Chanel)Since 1983, KarlLargerfeld (Karl Fei Erde)
Design Concept: elegance, simplicity, exquisite
Category: 1913 milliner and boutiques opening production of clothing; in 1921 to start developing all kinds of perfume: If 1921 no.5 perfume and fragrance no.22, 1924 cuirderussie perfume, perfume in 1970 no.19, 1974 year cristalle perfume, coco perfume in 1984, 1990 egoiste male perfume, allure perfume in 1996; There are also various types of jewelry, cosmetics, leather goods, watches, jewelry, sun glasses and shoes, all kinds of accessories.
CHANEL-Company CHANEL Chanel, founder Coco Chanel was originally called "Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel", 1883, was born in France's Auvergne. She was six years old when my mother passed away, his father even leave her and four other brothers and sisters. Since then, her upbringing by her aunt adult, a child admitted to convent school (Convent School), and there learned first-hand sewing skills. In her Nianer years old, that is, in 1905, she became a "coffee shop singer" (Cafe singer), and played a stage name "Coco", in different music clubs and cafes sing-song living. During this showgirl career, Coco has to meet two old customers and become their lover, confidante, a British industrialist, the other a wealthy officer. To meet dignitaries, so that Coco's financial ability to open their own shop in the child.
In 1910, Coco in Paris has opened a women's hat shop in the child (millinery shop), relying on extraordinary sewing skills, sewing up a simple and engaging and another top style hat. Two of her confidant as she introduced a lot of celebrity guests. At that time the ladies are tired of fancy of the edging, so Chanel simple hat on their Oasis is like a general cool. Just one year, the business is rising, Coco moved her shop child temperament fashion (fashionable) of the Rue Cambon, since this area is still the Chanel headquarters base. Coco can not make hats for the fashion industry to meet the ambition, so she set out to enter the high-level uniform (Haute Couture) area. In 1914, Coco opened two boutiques, fashion brands have far-reaching impact later declared the official birth of Chanel.
Into the Twenties, Chanel designed a number of innovative models, such as knit sailor dress (tricot sailor dress), black miniskirts (little black dress), bottle collar sets of clothes and so on. Moreover, Coco made from the men's inspiration for the ladies man; added a little more taste, a women's over-year change the brightly colored Yee extravagant fashion. For example, a suit jacket (Blazer) to join women's series, it launched a women's pants. Do not forget that in two decades on behalf of women will only wear a skirt. Coco This series of creation as a significant revolution in the history of modern fashion. Coco on the unique fashion aesthetic insight and a rare talent, that she make a lot of poets, painters and intellectuals. Abstract of her friends, there were masters Pablo Picasso (Picasso), French poet Jean director. Cocteau (Jean Cocteau) and so on. 1:00 Merry refined, it was a French fashion and the arts golden age of development.
CHANEL actress Nicole Kidman (Nicole Kidman) as the spokesman for No 5 perfume ad In addition to fashion, Chanel introduced in 1922 also Chanel No 5 perfume, the bottle is a very a decorative arts (Art Deco) taste of the bottle. This is the first-ever bottle of perfume named after the designer. The "double C" logo is also a bottle of Chanel perfume into the history of the most profitable product, and in the corridor on Hengyuan time are eternal, and so far the official website of Chanel is still focus on introducing products.
Three to four decades on behalf of the Second World War broke out, Coco Chanel shop her son switched off, and love of the Nazi officer refuge Switzerland. In 1954, Coco's return to France, Chanel make a comeback with her usual succinct style of women's nature to quickly re-captured a public Bali Shi woman. Short thick wool coat, bell-bottoms, Coco Chanel, and so are the works of post-war period. Or just talk about the post-war style, Chanel has always been expensive to maintain simplicity and Korea, multi-purpose Tartan Plaid or Scandinavian-style geometric print, and often spend tweed (tweed) made clothing, comfortable and natural.
Or is still room for a mention in the Coco Chanel after the death of (1971 death), the German designer Karl Lagerfeld to become the soul of the brand Chanel. Since 1983, he has served as the chief designer of Chanel, the Chanel fashion towards another peak. There can be a fun place worthy of mention is the brand created nearly nine decades, have never had such a men's clothing, until the autumn and winter 2005/2006 series was made available just a few pieces of men's.
CHANEL-brand style
CHANEL both men with a strong element of sports clothing (Jersey suit), two-piece tweed suit (Tweed), breaking the old values of artificial jewelry, with a strong feminist color camellias totem, Or is it the only Marylin Monroe wore in bed - Chanel No.5, Chanel challenge to the old system, often create new fashion. Ms. Chanel is the most special thing about practical gorgeous, her inspiration from life around the capture, in particular, love. Unlike other designers to ask others to meet their design, Chanel offers a liberating sense of freedom and choice of costume design from a male perspective would be the main trend of the performance of female beauty into the autonomous stage. Abandoned the tight-fitting waist, whale bone hoop skirts and long hair, to promote shoulder-style bag with fabric suit, Coco Chanel single-handedly dominated the first half of the twentieth century, a woman's style, attitude and way of life, a simple and comfortable luxury new philosophy , as she said, during his lifetime: "the opposite of beautiful is not poverty, but vulgar."
Founder: Gabrielle Chanel
Of registration: Paris, France (1913)
Designer: 1913 -1971 Gabrielle Chanel (Gabrielle Chanel)Since 1983, KarlLargerfeld (Karl Fei Erde)
Design Concept: elegance, simplicity, exquisite
Category: 1913 milliner and boutiques opening production of clothing; in 1921 to start developing all kinds of perfume: If 1921 no.5 perfume and fragrance no.22, 1924 cuirderussie perfume, perfume in 1970 no.19, 1974 year cristalle perfume, coco perfume in 1984, 1990 egoiste male perfume, allure perfume in 1996; There are also various types of jewelry, cosmetics, leather goods, watches, jewelry, sun glasses and shoes, all kinds of accessories.
CHANEL-Company CHANEL Chanel, founder Coco Chanel was originally called "Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel", 1883, was born in France's Auvergne. She was six years old when my mother passed away, his father even leave her and four other brothers and sisters. Since then, her upbringing by her aunt adult, a child admitted to convent school (Convent School), and there learned first-hand sewing skills. In her Nianer years old, that is, in 1905, she became a "coffee shop singer" (Cafe singer), and played a stage name "Coco", in different music clubs and cafes sing-song living. During this showgirl career, Coco has to meet two old customers and become their lover, confidante, a British industrialist, the other a wealthy officer. To meet dignitaries, so that Coco's financial ability to open their own shop in the child.
In 1910, Coco in Paris has opened a women's hat shop in the child (millinery shop), relying on extraordinary sewing skills, sewing up a simple and engaging and another top style hat. Two of her confidant as she introduced a lot of celebrity guests. At that time the ladies are tired of fancy of the edging, so Chanel simple hat on their Oasis is like a general cool. Just one year, the business is rising, Coco moved her shop child temperament fashion (fashionable) of the Rue Cambon, since this area is still the Chanel headquarters base. Coco can not make hats for the fashion industry to meet the ambition, so she set out to enter the high-level uniform (Haute Couture) area. In 1914, Coco opened two boutiques, fashion brands have far-reaching impact later declared the official birth of Chanel.
Into the Twenties, Chanel designed a number of innovative models, such as knit sailor dress (tricot sailor dress), black miniskirts (little black dress), bottle collar sets of clothes and so on. Moreover, Coco made from the men's inspiration for the ladies man; added a little more taste, a women's over-year change the brightly colored Yee extravagant fashion. For example, a suit jacket (Blazer) to join women's series, it launched a women's pants. Do not forget that in two decades on behalf of women will only wear a skirt. Coco This series of creation as a significant revolution in the history of modern fashion. Coco on the unique fashion aesthetic insight and a rare talent, that she make a lot of poets, painters and intellectuals. Abstract of her friends, there were masters Pablo Picasso (Picasso), French poet Jean director. Cocteau (Jean Cocteau) and so on. 1:00 Merry refined, it was a French fashion and the arts golden age of development.
CHANEL actress Nicole Kidman (Nicole Kidman) as the spokesman for No 5 perfume ad In addition to fashion, Chanel introduced in 1922 also Chanel No 5 perfume, the bottle is a very a decorative arts (Art Deco) taste of the bottle. This is the first-ever bottle of perfume named after the designer. The "double C" logo is also a bottle of Chanel perfume into the history of the most profitable product, and in the corridor on Hengyuan time are eternal, and so far the official website of Chanel is still focus on introducing products.
Three to four decades on behalf of the Second World War broke out, Coco Chanel shop her son switched off, and love of the Nazi officer refuge Switzerland. In 1954, Coco's return to France, Chanel make a comeback with her usual succinct style of women's nature to quickly re-captured a public Bali Shi woman. Short thick wool coat, bell-bottoms, Coco Chanel, and so are the works of post-war period. Or just talk about the post-war style, Chanel has always been expensive to maintain simplicity and Korea, multi-purpose Tartan Plaid or Scandinavian-style geometric print, and often spend tweed (tweed) made clothing, comfortable and natural.
Or is still room for a mention in the Coco Chanel after the death of (1971 death), the German designer Karl Lagerfeld to become the soul of the brand Chanel. Since 1983, he has served as the chief designer of Chanel, the Chanel fashion towards another peak. There can be a fun place worthy of mention is the brand created nearly nine decades, have never had such a men's clothing, until the autumn and winter 2005/2006 series was made available just a few pieces of men's.
CHANEL-brand style
CHANEL both men with a strong element of sports clothing (Jersey suit), two-piece tweed suit (Tweed), breaking the old values of artificial jewelry, with a strong feminist color camellias totem, Or is it the only Marylin Monroe wore in bed - Chanel No.5, Chanel challenge to the old system, often create new fashion. Ms. Chanel is the most special thing about practical gorgeous, her inspiration from life around the capture, in particular, love. Unlike other designers to ask others to meet their design, Chanel offers a liberating sense of freedom and choice of costume design from a male perspective would be the main trend of the performance of female beauty into the autonomous stage. Abandoned the tight-fitting waist, whale bone hoop skirts and long hair, to promote shoulder-style bag with fabric suit, Coco Chanel single-handedly dominated the first half of the twentieth century, a woman's style, attitude and way of life, a simple and comfortable luxury new philosophy , as she said, during his lifetime: "the opposite of beautiful is not poverty, but vulgar."
LOTOS-Brand Story
LOTOS-Brand Story
From Germany, Roters (Lotos) spectacles, in 1872 by their ancestors 130 years of history since start of this century enterprises have so far maintained a pure hand. "The price is equivalent to a frame Lotos a Bentley car" Lotos president, so to describe his product. Decorated with gold, diamonds or jewelry glasses. In order to luxury and luxury is to have Roters (Lotos) spectacles brand the best reason.
The brand and designer, who is also heir to Mr. Stephan Schmidt, to maintain Roters (Lotos) brand position in the international arena, it is necessary to strike a balance between tradition and innovation, each vice-Roters (Lotos) frames all gems the traditional goldsmith who crafts mosaic made of fashionable styles in a more continuous injection of new elements, Roters (Lotos) spectacles in the design to the overall trend in the fashion industry as a reference. Each Deputy Roters (Lotos) spectacles are tailored based on individual customers, the design can meet the special requirements, Roters (Lotos) from design, material selection to made about two months.
LOTOS-patrons and celebrities
LOTOS Roters (Lotos) constitute the main customers are: First, the trend of a young upstart, like advocating the second is already successful business people, middle class, there is a class of artists, such as architects, pianist and so on, government officials is also a large potential market.
When the Germans Stephen put 90 Roters (Lotos) spectacles in Beijing Wangfujing is located in the Ya-Qian as an optical shop laid them out, there are the Chinese media exclaimed "China's luxury goods has already arrived." Stephen told us that in Roters (Lotos) the largest market in Japan, almost all government officials are Deputy 100,000 of these every 50 million euros in glasses customers. Therefore, in China, he also insisted that "this (government officials) will be a large potential market."
Roters (Lotos) there is no relatively inexpensive peripherals in the world will never discount the strict implementation of marketing strategies. It is these charming personality, making it the favorite of those who advocate the trend of things, but also become a collector favorite target.
Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, renowned British singer Sir Elton, Monaco royal family, Japanese politicians are all Roters (Lotos) loyal guests. In which Elton has numerous world famous glasses, each concert, he will wear different glasses, and his favorite is Roters (Lotos) a person for him to do noble glasses.
LOTOS, another well-known guests, is a well-known deceased rock legend "Elvis." He is pre-worn pair of glasses were specifically looking for more Roters (Lotos) ordered. After his death, Roters (Lotos) introduced the nostalgic models to commemorate him, including inlaid with diamonds and gold framed more with incredible prices.
LOTOS-making process LOTOS a Roters (Lotos) frame, the simplest to produce a month's time, the most complex needs of nearly two years to complete. Take orders from the beginning, Roters (Lotos) close the designer began collecting customer information: hair color, hair, how much eye socket depth, brow height, sparse eyebrows, faces, etc. are all to be taken into account. Based on these information, as well as the identity of individual customer preferences and demands, designers complete the design, and then by a craftsman make a sample according to drawings, the customer to determine after the signing of the payment of not less than 30% of the whole section of the deposit.
Design is Roters (Lotos) of the most competitive and most of the steps to take hard work is one of a Roters (Lotos) spectacles of the soul. A Roters (Lotos) spectacles designer in the same industry enjoys a high reputation.
Next, the production of spectacles by customer choice processes vary by material. White buffalo horn frame is Roters (Lotos), one of the most famous of the frame, which can be used to produce glasses of white buffalo horn is only produced in southern Germany due to scarce and valuable. Before the real picture frame made of white buffalo horn 130 also experienced the physical and chemical processes which came out as most people do not see the eyes of the true value, but appreciate those who are willing to pay high price, which is Roters (Lotos ) The reason scarce and expensive glasses one of the reasons.
Craftsmen take Qi material, they began making in strict accordance with the design. By a simple Roters (Lotos) spectacles, for example, simply polishing a glasses leg, he will need craftsman and makes a little bit to do on the more than 3 days. Roters (Lotos) screws have a minimum of a few hundred yuan, all made from platinum, each one can be turned into beautiful earrings. Each Deputy Roters (Lotos) spectacles only the first wife screws. Hand soldering is completed, another long polishing, Roters (Lotos) spectacles do not see the solder joints are, and aspire nearly perfect.
This focus on the complicated and delicate process, need to use a magnifying glass for more than 20 times, after carefully watching the finished product can be read, every square millimeter Roters (Lotos) frame density of all the other glasses 2 ~ 3 times higher density of means that the more delicate, the more textured in appearance. In such a small frame on the point to do so is Roters (Lotos) persist for centuries.
Roters (Lotos) be a private one magic weapon is the exclusive diamond cutting and inlay technology, take a magnifying glass is also difficult to see traces of its mosaics. This is Roters (Lotos) designers and craftsmen 10 years of painstaking research obtained worldly unique skills. For all the outside people are curious, its president, Stephan mysteriously called LOTOS's "magic."
From Germany, Roters (Lotos) spectacles, in 1872 by their ancestors 130 years of history since start of this century enterprises have so far maintained a pure hand. "The price is equivalent to a frame Lotos a Bentley car" Lotos president, so to describe his product. Decorated with gold, diamonds or jewelry glasses. In order to luxury and luxury is to have Roters (Lotos) spectacles brand the best reason.
The brand and designer, who is also heir to Mr. Stephan Schmidt, to maintain Roters (Lotos) brand position in the international arena, it is necessary to strike a balance between tradition and innovation, each vice-Roters (Lotos) frames all gems the traditional goldsmith who crafts mosaic made of fashionable styles in a more continuous injection of new elements, Roters (Lotos) spectacles in the design to the overall trend in the fashion industry as a reference. Each Deputy Roters (Lotos) spectacles are tailored based on individual customers, the design can meet the special requirements, Roters (Lotos) from design, material selection to made about two months.
LOTOS-patrons and celebrities
LOTOS Roters (Lotos) constitute the main customers are: First, the trend of a young upstart, like advocating the second is already successful business people, middle class, there is a class of artists, such as architects, pianist and so on, government officials is also a large potential market.
When the Germans Stephen put 90 Roters (Lotos) spectacles in Beijing Wangfujing is located in the Ya-Qian as an optical shop laid them out, there are the Chinese media exclaimed "China's luxury goods has already arrived." Stephen told us that in Roters (Lotos) the largest market in Japan, almost all government officials are Deputy 100,000 of these every 50 million euros in glasses customers. Therefore, in China, he also insisted that "this (government officials) will be a large potential market."
Roters (Lotos) there is no relatively inexpensive peripherals in the world will never discount the strict implementation of marketing strategies. It is these charming personality, making it the favorite of those who advocate the trend of things, but also become a collector favorite target.
Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, renowned British singer Sir Elton, Monaco royal family, Japanese politicians are all Roters (Lotos) loyal guests. In which Elton has numerous world famous glasses, each concert, he will wear different glasses, and his favorite is Roters (Lotos) a person for him to do noble glasses.
LOTOS, another well-known guests, is a well-known deceased rock legend "Elvis." He is pre-worn pair of glasses were specifically looking for more Roters (Lotos) ordered. After his death, Roters (Lotos) introduced the nostalgic models to commemorate him, including inlaid with diamonds and gold framed more with incredible prices.
LOTOS-making process LOTOS a Roters (Lotos) frame, the simplest to produce a month's time, the most complex needs of nearly two years to complete. Take orders from the beginning, Roters (Lotos) close the designer began collecting customer information: hair color, hair, how much eye socket depth, brow height, sparse eyebrows, faces, etc. are all to be taken into account. Based on these information, as well as the identity of individual customer preferences and demands, designers complete the design, and then by a craftsman make a sample according to drawings, the customer to determine after the signing of the payment of not less than 30% of the whole section of the deposit.
Design is Roters (Lotos) of the most competitive and most of the steps to take hard work is one of a Roters (Lotos) spectacles of the soul. A Roters (Lotos) spectacles designer in the same industry enjoys a high reputation.
Next, the production of spectacles by customer choice processes vary by material. White buffalo horn frame is Roters (Lotos), one of the most famous of the frame, which can be used to produce glasses of white buffalo horn is only produced in southern Germany due to scarce and valuable. Before the real picture frame made of white buffalo horn 130 also experienced the physical and chemical processes which came out as most people do not see the eyes of the true value, but appreciate those who are willing to pay high price, which is Roters (Lotos ) The reason scarce and expensive glasses one of the reasons.
Craftsmen take Qi material, they began making in strict accordance with the design. By a simple Roters (Lotos) spectacles, for example, simply polishing a glasses leg, he will need craftsman and makes a little bit to do on the more than 3 days. Roters (Lotos) screws have a minimum of a few hundred yuan, all made from platinum, each one can be turned into beautiful earrings. Each Deputy Roters (Lotos) spectacles only the first wife screws. Hand soldering is completed, another long polishing, Roters (Lotos) spectacles do not see the solder joints are, and aspire nearly perfect.
This focus on the complicated and delicate process, need to use a magnifying glass for more than 20 times, after carefully watching the finished product can be read, every square millimeter Roters (Lotos) frame density of all the other glasses 2 ~ 3 times higher density of means that the more delicate, the more textured in appearance. In such a small frame on the point to do so is Roters (Lotos) persist for centuries.
Roters (Lotos) be a private one magic weapon is the exclusive diamond cutting and inlay technology, take a magnifying glass is also difficult to see traces of its mosaics. This is Roters (Lotos) designers and craftsmen 10 years of painstaking research obtained worldly unique skills. For all the outside people are curious, its president, Stephan mysteriously called LOTOS's "magic."
Cat feces Coffee-Kopi Luwak Coffee
Kopi Luwak-what is the Cat feces Coffee(Kopi Luwak Coffee)?
Cat feces coffee, formally known as Kopi Luwak, is produced in Indonesia. Kopi is Indonesian "coffee" means, Luwak is the Indonesian musk cats and coffee kind of Indonesian wild musk cat, named Rwaka. It is an extremely rare coffee, produced only 500 pounds a year, a cup of coffee can be sold at 4 ounces of $ 168 dollars (about 1400 yuan), compared with Blue Mountain coffee, worth many times higher.
Cat feces Coffee - Coffee Source Cat feces coffee, produced in Indonesia, the world's most expensive kind of coffee. Indonesia, a large number of coffee growing crops, a kind of wild cat called the musk animal, omnivorous animals, sharp mouth, dark gray fur. Favorite food is fresh coffee beans, coffee beans through the body of the fermentation and digestion, eventually ruled out for the cat droppings. Feces is a capsules of coffee beans, has become the world's most expensive droppings. As the number of very scarce, the price is very expensive.
Jin-off processing and baking, cat feces of coffee a luxury coffee beverage spread to the luxury all over the world kingdom. The local coffee farmers, in pursuit of high profits, will catch wild musk cats home feeding, so that it can produce more coffee, cat feces. However, the breeding output of musk cat cat feces coffee, the taste will be a corresponding inferior fineness number. Even so, this coffee production is still very scarce, not all people can enjoy coffee consumption arise.
Cat feces coffee - Production method of cat feces Ruak coffee beans roasting process:
1, musk cats love to eat ripe coffee trees, red coffee fruit;
2, from the cat feces pick undigested coffee seeds;
3, sweep aside the coffee seeds, silver-gray film after the water wash on the sun to dry;
4, after stir fry made from coffee beans Ruak.
Cat feces coffee - Musk Cat
Musk cat shape larger body slender, relatively wide forehead, and kiss the Ministry of slightly sharp. Body length 65-85 cm, up to 100 cm, tail length of 30-48 cm, weighing 6-11 kg. Body hair, mainly gray brown, head, forehead, lip was gray, side of the body is dotted with black spots, the back of the Central Authorities have erected a Musk cat black mane hair, was directly shaped longitudinal profile of the base of the tail, on both sides from the back since the middle of each a white fine lines. Lateral neck to the shoulder before each of three black stripes, during which this material there are two white stripes are wavy. The chest and abdomen is light gray. Limbs short, was dark brown. Tail is longer than half body length, the base has a yellow-white ring, followed by four black wide-ring and four yellow-white of the narrow ring and white arrangement, the end is black, so the common name "9 Beaver."
Musk cat's testicles and penis in males, between females in the perineum near the anus below are a pair of well-developed cystic aromatic glands, males open Sachet was pear-shaped, capsule front wall has a longitudinal ridge both sides have 3-4 fold, the rear of each side there are two large and deep depression, short hairs inside of birth; females most open of the sachet was square, right in the middle is only a concave wall ditch, a shallow groove on each side. Sachet in the seam of the openings can be secreted out of the civet oil liquid incense, animals, pheromones play a role. In fact this is very foul-smelling discharge, when predators are found, it will be with the odor of this material ejected fool the enemy, the defense against an enemy of the method is very effective, often coming to offenders immediately turned to leave, himself took the opportunity to flee to a tree hiding. Musk cat has gone through artificial refining, diluted, can be made with the exotic flavor of fixed deodorant.
Cat feces coffee, formally known as Kopi Luwak, is produced in Indonesia. Kopi is Indonesian "coffee" means, Luwak is the Indonesian musk cats and coffee kind of Indonesian wild musk cat, named Rwaka. It is an extremely rare coffee, produced only 500 pounds a year, a cup of coffee can be sold at 4 ounces of $ 168 dollars (about 1400 yuan), compared with Blue Mountain coffee, worth many times higher.
Cat feces Coffee - Coffee Source Cat feces coffee, produced in Indonesia, the world's most expensive kind of coffee. Indonesia, a large number of coffee growing crops, a kind of wild cat called the musk animal, omnivorous animals, sharp mouth, dark gray fur. Favorite food is fresh coffee beans, coffee beans through the body of the fermentation and digestion, eventually ruled out for the cat droppings. Feces is a capsules of coffee beans, has become the world's most expensive droppings. As the number of very scarce, the price is very expensive.
Jin-off processing and baking, cat feces of coffee a luxury coffee beverage spread to the luxury all over the world kingdom. The local coffee farmers, in pursuit of high profits, will catch wild musk cats home feeding, so that it can produce more coffee, cat feces. However, the breeding output of musk cat cat feces coffee, the taste will be a corresponding inferior fineness number. Even so, this coffee production is still very scarce, not all people can enjoy coffee consumption arise.
Cat feces coffee - Production method of cat feces Ruak coffee beans roasting process:
1, musk cats love to eat ripe coffee trees, red coffee fruit;
2, from the cat feces pick undigested coffee seeds;
3, sweep aside the coffee seeds, silver-gray film after the water wash on the sun to dry;
4, after stir fry made from coffee beans Ruak.
Cat feces coffee - Musk Cat
Musk cat shape larger body slender, relatively wide forehead, and kiss the Ministry of slightly sharp. Body length 65-85 cm, up to 100 cm, tail length of 30-48 cm, weighing 6-11 kg. Body hair, mainly gray brown, head, forehead, lip was gray, side of the body is dotted with black spots, the back of the Central Authorities have erected a Musk cat black mane hair, was directly shaped longitudinal profile of the base of the tail, on both sides from the back since the middle of each a white fine lines. Lateral neck to the shoulder before each of three black stripes, during which this material there are two white stripes are wavy. The chest and abdomen is light gray. Limbs short, was dark brown. Tail is longer than half body length, the base has a yellow-white ring, followed by four black wide-ring and four yellow-white of the narrow ring and white arrangement, the end is black, so the common name "9 Beaver."
Musk cat's testicles and penis in males, between females in the perineum near the anus below are a pair of well-developed cystic aromatic glands, males open Sachet was pear-shaped, capsule front wall has a longitudinal ridge both sides have 3-4 fold, the rear of each side there are two large and deep depression, short hairs inside of birth; females most open of the sachet was square, right in the middle is only a concave wall ditch, a shallow groove on each side. Sachet in the seam of the openings can be secreted out of the civet oil liquid incense, animals, pheromones play a role. In fact this is very foul-smelling discharge, when predators are found, it will be with the odor of this material ejected fool the enemy, the defense against an enemy of the method is very effective, often coming to offenders immediately turned to leave, himself took the opportunity to flee to a tree hiding. Musk cat has gone through artificial refining, diluted, can be made with the exotic flavor of fixed deodorant.
Brandy
Brandy-about Brandy
Brandy from fruit juice, pulp or residue from fermentation, distillation and a mixture, in order to retain its flavor, aroma and characteristics, distilled alcohol less than 95%. In France the local circulation of such a proverb: boys, drinking wine, men drink run special (Port), should want to be heroes, they drank brandy. It granted to the supremacy of brandy, the wine is called a hero. Brandy narrow and broad sense of the word points that, broadly speaking, all fermented fruits as raw materials are called distilled liquor made of brandy, for example, apple brandy, but now have become accustomed to the wine through distillation and placed in casks has gone through made a considerable time, aging wine, called brandy. Brandy is usually means "wine of the soul."
Brandy history
Brandy is that people accidentally discovered. The early 18th century, the French Charente (Charente) to facilitate the pier due to traffic and become a commercial export of wine. At that time, wine accounted for FCL plenty of room for the ship, so the French have come up with double distilled approach, remove the wine water, improve the purity of wine, take up less space and easy to transport, this is the early brandy. In 1701, the French involvement in the Spanish war, brandy sales greatly reduced, wine has been accumulated in the oak barrels. After the war ended, it is found inside the storage Chen oak barrel of brandy, wine quality is more alcohol, aromatic thicker, but also the amber crystal, therefore, with the oak storage Chen and Chen's years of storage has become stuffed system, an important part of brandy.
The name brandy Brandy, the origin of the name evolved from the Dutch Brandewijn of this word in front of the burning of the meaning of Brande, while the latter refers to wijn wine mentioned here which means the burning of heating distillation, it can be said Brande is to be distilled wine made of wine, into English, Serve Brandy. Therefore, according to this argument, the so-called brandy, this should refer to the grape wine made of fermented and then distilled, but if the broad sense, anything made of fruit distilled after fermentation the wine, can be grouped into brandy. So Whether it grapes and fruit production areas, can produce brandy.
Brandy - Brandy producing First, Cognac (Cognac) Cognac, transliterated as "Cognac", located in southwestern France, is north of Bordeaux in a small town in Charente. It is an ancient town, covering an area of about 10 million hectares. Cognac region of soil is very suitable for grape growing and mature, but because of colder weather, the grape sugar content is low (usually only the white points 18, 19 or so), therefore, its wine products could hardly compete with the South Bordeaux region is comparable to the production of wine. In the seventeenth century with the introduction of distillation technology, especially in the nineteenth century in France under the aegis of the Emperor Napoleon, Cognac region became famous brew distilled wine origin. AD 1909, the French government issued liquor law expressly provides that only in the Charente-Maritime territory around the town of Cognac produced in 36 counties and cities be named Brandy Cognac (Cognac), in addition to any area can not be with the "Cognac" named after the word, but only with the other specified the name. This provision in the form of provisions of law to establish the "cognac" the status of the production of brandy. As the English saying: "All Cognac is brandy, but not all brandy is Cognac." (All of the cognac is brandy, but not all brandy is cognac) This also explains the authority of cognac, Cognac deserves to be called "Brandy King."
Brandy, the origin of the name evolved from the Dutch Brandewijn of this word in front of the burning of the meaning of Brande, while the latter refers to wijn wine mentioned here which means the burning of heating distillation, it can be said Brande is to be distilled wine made of wine, into English, Serve Brandy. Therefore, according to this argument, the so-called brandy, this should refer to the grape wine made of fermented and then distilled, but if the broad sense, anything made of fruit distilled after fermentation the wine, can be grouped into brandy. So Whether it grapes and fruit production areas, can produce brandy.
Brandy - Classification Brandy In 2006, 8 "Gothenburg number" Cognac expensive auctioned Cognac (Cognac): As everyone knows, the most famous brandy producing course ought to France, but when it comes to Acura when the brandy is not generally refers to the French brandy, but to Cognac (Cognac). Cognac is a region in southern France, located in Charente (Charente) territory. Cognac region, soil, climate, rainfall and other natural conditions are particularly conducive to the growth of grapes, so the grapes produced in this region is the world's leading, but it does not mean that the grapes will be able to spawn a good quality brandy. Cognac Brandy France's oldest and most famous production areas, production of brandy Cognac region has its own long history and unique processing of brewing technology, the reason why cognac reputation, rather than raw materials, soil, climate, distillation equipment and methods, Aging method is closely related to Cognac is called "Brandy King." Cognac lanes are amber, clean and transparent, and tastes of stress, style Haozhuang martyrs, features a very unique, alcohol content is 43 degrees. Cognac is the choice of raw materials amit Yong San (saint Emilim), Rumba (colombard), white madwoman (Folle Blanche) three well-known white grape varieties in order to Charente-style pot stills, after two second distillation, and then stored in oak barrel Sheng into the new, one year later, moved to the old oak, in order to avoid absorbing too much tannin. Cognac is a brandy Acura, cognac products are the French government's strict restrictions and protection, according to May 1, 1909 the French government decree: only in the Cognac region (including the Charente and the nearby province of 7 districts) can be called cognac brandy production, and are subject to state supervision and protection.
Ya-eup Brandy (Armagnac): Ya-eup, after cognac is brandy, cognac Ya-eup is located in the south, southwest of France Gers (Gers) in order to well-known brandy producing dark, although there is no well-known Cognac , but the style of its very close. Liquor Ticheng amber, black and shiny, because storage time is shorter, it tastes strong. Aged or far-year-eup, elegant brandy wine Xiren, which style of sound calm, mellow full-bodied, long aftertaste. Cup for a long time to stay, and sometimes up to a week-long, alcohol degree of 43 degrees. Ya-eup, the locals prefer. Ya-eup, is also subject to French law, the protection of brandy varieties. Only when the real estate brandy Ya-eup, before they can be labeled as a trade mark the words Armagnac. Ya-eup self-lan Famous places are: Castaneda concentration (Castagnon), Chabot (Chabot), Janet (Janneau), cable Fall (Sauval), Sang Bo (Semp). Other countries and regions Brandy: In addition to cognac, Ya-eup outside world, there are many other countries and regions, grape production of distilled liquor, can be called brandy (Brandy).
French brandy (Franch brandy): that apart from the cognac, Ya-eup, other parts of France outside the production of brandy, cognac, compared with other countries, and good quality. Spanish brandy (Spanish brandy): exception of France, Spain, brandy is the best. Some of the Spanish brandy is Sherry (Sherry) made of distillation. At present, many of this wine is distilled wine, each a mixture of real estate. This wine tastes with cognac and AGB-eup, significantly different flavor than the sweet taste with the soil.
U.S. Brandy (American brandy): the majority produced in California, which is based in California's grape production as raw material, fermenting and distilling to 85proof, stored in white oak barrels for at least two years, and some added caramel color made. In addition, Portugal, Peru, Germany, Greece, Australia, South Africa, Israel and Italy, and Japan is the main producing high-quality brandy.
Brandy from fruit juice, pulp or residue from fermentation, distillation and a mixture, in order to retain its flavor, aroma and characteristics, distilled alcohol less than 95%. In France the local circulation of such a proverb: boys, drinking wine, men drink run special (Port), should want to be heroes, they drank brandy. It granted to the supremacy of brandy, the wine is called a hero. Brandy narrow and broad sense of the word points that, broadly speaking, all fermented fruits as raw materials are called distilled liquor made of brandy, for example, apple brandy, but now have become accustomed to the wine through distillation and placed in casks has gone through made a considerable time, aging wine, called brandy. Brandy is usually means "wine of the soul."
Brandy history
Brandy is that people accidentally discovered. The early 18th century, the French Charente (Charente) to facilitate the pier due to traffic and become a commercial export of wine. At that time, wine accounted for FCL plenty of room for the ship, so the French have come up with double distilled approach, remove the wine water, improve the purity of wine, take up less space and easy to transport, this is the early brandy. In 1701, the French involvement in the Spanish war, brandy sales greatly reduced, wine has been accumulated in the oak barrels. After the war ended, it is found inside the storage Chen oak barrel of brandy, wine quality is more alcohol, aromatic thicker, but also the amber crystal, therefore, with the oak storage Chen and Chen's years of storage has become stuffed system, an important part of brandy.
The name brandy Brandy, the origin of the name evolved from the Dutch Brandewijn of this word in front of the burning of the meaning of Brande, while the latter refers to wijn wine mentioned here which means the burning of heating distillation, it can be said Brande is to be distilled wine made of wine, into English, Serve Brandy. Therefore, according to this argument, the so-called brandy, this should refer to the grape wine made of fermented and then distilled, but if the broad sense, anything made of fruit distilled after fermentation the wine, can be grouped into brandy. So Whether it grapes and fruit production areas, can produce brandy.
Brandy - Brandy producing First, Cognac (Cognac) Cognac, transliterated as "Cognac", located in southwestern France, is north of Bordeaux in a small town in Charente. It is an ancient town, covering an area of about 10 million hectares. Cognac region of soil is very suitable for grape growing and mature, but because of colder weather, the grape sugar content is low (usually only the white points 18, 19 or so), therefore, its wine products could hardly compete with the South Bordeaux region is comparable to the production of wine. In the seventeenth century with the introduction of distillation technology, especially in the nineteenth century in France under the aegis of the Emperor Napoleon, Cognac region became famous brew distilled wine origin. AD 1909, the French government issued liquor law expressly provides that only in the Charente-Maritime territory around the town of Cognac produced in 36 counties and cities be named Brandy Cognac (Cognac), in addition to any area can not be with the "Cognac" named after the word, but only with the other specified the name. This provision in the form of provisions of law to establish the "cognac" the status of the production of brandy. As the English saying: "All Cognac is brandy, but not all brandy is Cognac." (All of the cognac is brandy, but not all brandy is cognac) This also explains the authority of cognac, Cognac deserves to be called "Brandy King."
Brandy, the origin of the name evolved from the Dutch Brandewijn of this word in front of the burning of the meaning of Brande, while the latter refers to wijn wine mentioned here which means the burning of heating distillation, it can be said Brande is to be distilled wine made of wine, into English, Serve Brandy. Therefore, according to this argument, the so-called brandy, this should refer to the grape wine made of fermented and then distilled, but if the broad sense, anything made of fruit distilled after fermentation the wine, can be grouped into brandy. So Whether it grapes and fruit production areas, can produce brandy.
Brandy - Classification Brandy In 2006, 8 "Gothenburg number" Cognac expensive auctioned Cognac (Cognac): As everyone knows, the most famous brandy producing course ought to France, but when it comes to Acura when the brandy is not generally refers to the French brandy, but to Cognac (Cognac). Cognac is a region in southern France, located in Charente (Charente) territory. Cognac region, soil, climate, rainfall and other natural conditions are particularly conducive to the growth of grapes, so the grapes produced in this region is the world's leading, but it does not mean that the grapes will be able to spawn a good quality brandy. Cognac Brandy France's oldest and most famous production areas, production of brandy Cognac region has its own long history and unique processing of brewing technology, the reason why cognac reputation, rather than raw materials, soil, climate, distillation equipment and methods, Aging method is closely related to Cognac is called "Brandy King." Cognac lanes are amber, clean and transparent, and tastes of stress, style Haozhuang martyrs, features a very unique, alcohol content is 43 degrees. Cognac is the choice of raw materials amit Yong San (saint Emilim), Rumba (colombard), white madwoman (Folle Blanche) three well-known white grape varieties in order to Charente-style pot stills, after two second distillation, and then stored in oak barrel Sheng into the new, one year later, moved to the old oak, in order to avoid absorbing too much tannin. Cognac is a brandy Acura, cognac products are the French government's strict restrictions and protection, according to May 1, 1909 the French government decree: only in the Cognac region (including the Charente and the nearby province of 7 districts) can be called cognac brandy production, and are subject to state supervision and protection.
Ya-eup Brandy (Armagnac): Ya-eup, after cognac is brandy, cognac Ya-eup is located in the south, southwest of France Gers (Gers) in order to well-known brandy producing dark, although there is no well-known Cognac , but the style of its very close. Liquor Ticheng amber, black and shiny, because storage time is shorter, it tastes strong. Aged or far-year-eup, elegant brandy wine Xiren, which style of sound calm, mellow full-bodied, long aftertaste. Cup for a long time to stay, and sometimes up to a week-long, alcohol degree of 43 degrees. Ya-eup, the locals prefer. Ya-eup, is also subject to French law, the protection of brandy varieties. Only when the real estate brandy Ya-eup, before they can be labeled as a trade mark the words Armagnac. Ya-eup self-lan Famous places are: Castaneda concentration (Castagnon), Chabot (Chabot), Janet (Janneau), cable Fall (Sauval), Sang Bo (Semp). Other countries and regions Brandy: In addition to cognac, Ya-eup outside world, there are many other countries and regions, grape production of distilled liquor, can be called brandy (Brandy).
French brandy (Franch brandy): that apart from the cognac, Ya-eup, other parts of France outside the production of brandy, cognac, compared with other countries, and good quality. Spanish brandy (Spanish brandy): exception of France, Spain, brandy is the best. Some of the Spanish brandy is Sherry (Sherry) made of distillation. At present, many of this wine is distilled wine, each a mixture of real estate. This wine tastes with cognac and AGB-eup, significantly different flavor than the sweet taste with the soil.
U.S. Brandy (American brandy): the majority produced in California, which is based in California's grape production as raw material, fermenting and distilling to 85proof, stored in white oak barrels for at least two years, and some added caramel color made. In addition, Portugal, Peru, Germany, Greece, Australia, South Africa, Israel and Italy, and Japan is the main producing high-quality brandy.
Sunday, December 20, 2009
Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market
Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market
Tokyo foreign exchange market is an invisible market, traders through modern communication facilities, network transactions.
Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market - History
Tokyo foreign exchange market, Japan has imposed strict foreign exchange controls, 50 years later, and gradually relax exchange controls. From the 70s onwards, the Tokyo foreign exchange market has developed significantly in the more diversified business, involving different from the previous range. But still can not be like London and New York as the foreign exchange market has become a truly international financial markets, but a regional foreign exchange market. This is because Japan is an export trade, accounting for a larger share of the national economy of the country, the foreign exchange impact of its entire national economy is huge, if the foreign exchange shortage phenomenon occurs, it will lead to increase in foreign exchange rates, the yen exchange rate depreciation, the domestic commodity prices to fluctuate The higher risk. Government of Japan in order to prevent exchange rate fluctuations, had to take certain measures to intervene in the market, which is the balance of the Japanese management of the foreign exchange market.
Since the 80s, the Japanese government sought to move toward the internationalization of the yen, from the Tokyo foreign exchange market, the fetters of the region restrictions so that Japan's position of strength in the world economy suited to the post-war amendment in 1980 established at the beginning of the "Foreign Trade and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, "to change the past only through government-approved foreign exchange banks and brokers in order to conduct foreign exchange business requirements to enable all banks can be in the domestic foreign exchange business. Therefore, the foreign exchange market has developed quite rapidly, with the New York foreign exchange market the size of the gap getting smaller and smaller.
Tokyo foreign exchange market - Trading characteristics Tokyo foreign exchange market to trade currency more single, currently on the market is still the largest trading dollar yen exchange trading, this is because the majority of U.S. dollar-denominated trade with Japan, the Japanese majority of overseas assets to dollar-denominated assets. After the slow growth of the U.S. economy, the yen fell against the dollar increase in trading, the yen against the euro, trading volume increased significantly.
Japan is a typical export-processing-oriented country, the Tokyo market is subject to import and export trade, the impact of a larger centralized collection and payment. Means that the market has obvious seasonal characteristics. Also due to the habit of the Japanese business and industry and corporate end of the settlement for clearing, exports are concentrated on exchange time.
Tokyo foreign exchange market - organizational structureTokyo foreign exchange market traders of foreign exchange banks, foreign exchange broker, non-bank customers and the Bank of Japan. Trading Hours 8:00-14:30 GMT. Tokyo foreign exchange market trading varieties of relatively simple, primarily the U.S. dollar / yen, euro / yen. In the transaction, the general Quotes relatively flat, but everybody in future transactions, must pay attention to the speculative role of Japanese exporters, Japanese exporters are sometimes due to speculation, so sharp on the yen in the foreign exchange fluctuations.
Tokyo foreign exchange market - trading methodsThe Tokyo foreign exchange market, the Tokyo foreign exchange market, foreign exchange transactions can be divided into three types:
(1) spot foreign exchange transactions between banks and their customers
(2) foreign exchange transactions between banks
(3) domestic banks and foreign exchange transactions between foreign banks;
The delivery period for foreign exchange division is divided into spot transactions, forward transactions and swap transactions.Tokyo foreign exchange market, interbank foreign exchange transactions through foreign exchange brokers, you can also directly. Japan's domestic enterprises and individuals to conduct foreign exchange transactions must be through the designated foreign exchange banks.
Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market - Exchange RateA, listed exchange rates, including interest rate risks, fees and other exchange rates.
Each business day at 10 am or so, banks in the interbank market, the real exchange rate as a benchmark of their listing, in principle, Japan does not change the same place of business listed on the exchange rate.Second, the market linked exchange rate to the inter-bank market, the real exchange rate as the benchmark price.
Tokyo foreign exchange market is an invisible market, traders through modern communication facilities, network transactions.
Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market - History
Tokyo foreign exchange market, Japan has imposed strict foreign exchange controls, 50 years later, and gradually relax exchange controls. From the 70s onwards, the Tokyo foreign exchange market has developed significantly in the more diversified business, involving different from the previous range. But still can not be like London and New York as the foreign exchange market has become a truly international financial markets, but a regional foreign exchange market. This is because Japan is an export trade, accounting for a larger share of the national economy of the country, the foreign exchange impact of its entire national economy is huge, if the foreign exchange shortage phenomenon occurs, it will lead to increase in foreign exchange rates, the yen exchange rate depreciation, the domestic commodity prices to fluctuate The higher risk. Government of Japan in order to prevent exchange rate fluctuations, had to take certain measures to intervene in the market, which is the balance of the Japanese management of the foreign exchange market.
Since the 80s, the Japanese government sought to move toward the internationalization of the yen, from the Tokyo foreign exchange market, the fetters of the region restrictions so that Japan's position of strength in the world economy suited to the post-war amendment in 1980 established at the beginning of the "Foreign Trade and the Foreign Exchange Management Act, "to change the past only through government-approved foreign exchange banks and brokers in order to conduct foreign exchange business requirements to enable all banks can be in the domestic foreign exchange business. Therefore, the foreign exchange market has developed quite rapidly, with the New York foreign exchange market the size of the gap getting smaller and smaller.
Tokyo foreign exchange market - Trading characteristics Tokyo foreign exchange market to trade currency more single, currently on the market is still the largest trading dollar yen exchange trading, this is because the majority of U.S. dollar-denominated trade with Japan, the Japanese majority of overseas assets to dollar-denominated assets. After the slow growth of the U.S. economy, the yen fell against the dollar increase in trading, the yen against the euro, trading volume increased significantly.
Japan is a typical export-processing-oriented country, the Tokyo market is subject to import and export trade, the impact of a larger centralized collection and payment. Means that the market has obvious seasonal characteristics. Also due to the habit of the Japanese business and industry and corporate end of the settlement for clearing, exports are concentrated on exchange time.
Tokyo foreign exchange market - organizational structureTokyo foreign exchange market traders of foreign exchange banks, foreign exchange broker, non-bank customers and the Bank of Japan. Trading Hours 8:00-14:30 GMT. Tokyo foreign exchange market trading varieties of relatively simple, primarily the U.S. dollar / yen, euro / yen. In the transaction, the general Quotes relatively flat, but everybody in future transactions, must pay attention to the speculative role of Japanese exporters, Japanese exporters are sometimes due to speculation, so sharp on the yen in the foreign exchange fluctuations.
Tokyo foreign exchange market - trading methodsThe Tokyo foreign exchange market, the Tokyo foreign exchange market, foreign exchange transactions can be divided into three types:
(1) spot foreign exchange transactions between banks and their customers
(2) foreign exchange transactions between banks
(3) domestic banks and foreign exchange transactions between foreign banks;
The delivery period for foreign exchange division is divided into spot transactions, forward transactions and swap transactions.Tokyo foreign exchange market, interbank foreign exchange transactions through foreign exchange brokers, you can also directly. Japan's domestic enterprises and individuals to conduct foreign exchange transactions must be through the designated foreign exchange banks.
Tokyo Foreign Exchange Market - Exchange RateA, listed exchange rates, including interest rate risks, fees and other exchange rates.
Each business day at 10 am or so, banks in the interbank market, the real exchange rate as a benchmark of their listing, in principle, Japan does not change the same place of business listed on the exchange rate.Second, the market linked exchange rate to the inter-bank market, the real exchange rate as the benchmark price.
Latin Monetary Union
Latin Monetary Union-ABOUT Latin Monetary Union
Latin Monetary Union (1865 -1880 thousand years) is founded in the 19th century a European single currency organizations.
Latin Monetary Union - Early European Monetary Union The early 19th century, Europe's currencies varied, to unify the currency in circulation among countries, in 1806, Napoleon wrote to his brother, king of Holland, the future Napoleon III's father, Louis, when he wrote: "brother If the mint coins, I recommend that you use the same unit with the French, your side of the coin you like printed on one side and printed logo of your army. so that the whole of Europe on the unified currency, and so there are trade a big advantage. " As the French military occupation of Europe, the French monetary system was pushed to the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy and other places. But the battle of Waterloo, so the plan was temporarily shelved up.
1838, the North German Prussia adopted a number of Bangguo, 14 Tall-based system and 21 shield-based system. 1853, Sueddeutsche the Bangguo made use of the Austrian monetary system, based on 500 grams of "pounds", a pound of silver is equal to 45 the Austrian florin, or 52.5 suddeutscher shield. In addition, the Federation of French-speaking cantons of Switzerland and German states have also given up to join the French or German currency areas, currency areas the proposal to accept a unified currency.
The Latin Monetary Union - the establishment of the Latin Monetary Union 1865, Emperor Napoleon III of France's initiative, Belgium, France, Italy and Switzerland, the four countries meeting in Paris, which aims to adopt a uniform in Europe, commonly used in coinage. The four countries signed the agreement on the single currency, marking the Latin Monetary Union was established. Under the agreement, countries maintain the original name of the base currency (the exception of Italy are called francs) to France's monetary system, based on the main currency of the gold content are set at .2903225 grams of gold or 4.5 grams of silver, can be equivalent between countries Circulation. The main currency denominated 100,50,20,10,5 franc coins, will also be issued 5,2,1 and 50,20 francs centimes for silver. Less than 20 centimes coin can not flow between countries. As the country had basically the same in the implementation of the monetary system, so little impact on the economy.
Latin Monetary Union in August 1, 1866 came into effect to January 1, 1880 to terminate. If the January 1, 1879 dissolution of the Member States have not previously requested, then the treaty will remain in force for 15 years.
Latin Monetary Union - the development of Latin Monetary Union for the flow of capital between member countries, financial transactions and commerce, tourism brings a great convenience, but also satisfactorily resolved due to strict regulations in France the proportion of gold and silver dollar rise in the value of silver caused the problem. European countries are trying their own currency with such a stable currency linked to stabilize the currency. Papal States in 1866 to join the Latin Monetary Union, Spain and Greece joined in 1868. Austro-Hungarian Empire, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, San Marino and Venezuela joined in 1889.
The Latin Monetary Union in order to expand the influence of Napoleon III in 1867 held a meeting again to discuss a single issue of the global monetary system. The United States issued after the Civil War Eagle Emblem Gold Coin 5 U.S. dollars (about 25.85 francs), while the United Kingdom issued a Schaffrin gold (Sovereign, together 30 shillings or 1.5 pounds, approximately equivalent to 25.20 francs). Both values are close to 25 francs, so the two countries proposed to France 25 francs gold coin issued way to establish contacts with the Latin Monetary Union, but this proposal was worried about the cost and loss of money recast the French rejection of the dominant position. Bismarck's Prussia explicitly refused to consider joining the Latin Monetary Union possibilities.
After the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, France to Germany to pay reparations of 5 billion francs, Germany, to the establishment of a separate gold standard - marks. Gold and silver price ratio in the latter half of the 19th century continue to beat, leading to the basis of the Latin Monetary Union - gold and silver bimetallic system had collapsed. In France, gold and silver price ratio from 1807 to 1870 of 1:15 into a 1874 1:16.17, a large number of outflow of gold, the French had in 1876 introduced the gold standard, repealed 5 francs silver coins in circulation, and eliminate free casting silver to the Order. Latin Monetary Union Member States limit per person will be holding a six francs in silver. Latin Monetary Union at that time had been at risk. Although since then many countries to join the alliance, but the monetary system is no longer based on the French monetary system, but on the basis of equivalent gold content.
After 1878, due to the implementation of the gold standard of the pound and mark the impact of other members of the Latin Monetary Union have also changed to the gold standard. Subsequently appeared on the international financial markets based on the gold standard based on international currency exchange system, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, the Latin Monetary Union member states and the Scandinavian Monetary Union member states have established their own currencies gold content, between the various currency area to a fixed exchange rate between the currency exchange, free flow of information. To 1914 World War I broke out, the Latin monetary union has in fact disappeared. The termination of the gold standard in 1927, France, and in the following year enactment of the new currency law, the official demise of the Latin Monetary Union.
Latin Monetary Union (1865 -1880 thousand years) is founded in the 19th century a European single currency organizations.
Latin Monetary Union - Early European Monetary Union The early 19th century, Europe's currencies varied, to unify the currency in circulation among countries, in 1806, Napoleon wrote to his brother, king of Holland, the future Napoleon III's father, Louis, when he wrote: "brother If the mint coins, I recommend that you use the same unit with the French, your side of the coin you like printed on one side and printed logo of your army. so that the whole of Europe on the unified currency, and so there are trade a big advantage. " As the French military occupation of Europe, the French monetary system was pushed to the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy and other places. But the battle of Waterloo, so the plan was temporarily shelved up.
1838, the North German Prussia adopted a number of Bangguo, 14 Tall-based system and 21 shield-based system. 1853, Sueddeutsche the Bangguo made use of the Austrian monetary system, based on 500 grams of "pounds", a pound of silver is equal to 45 the Austrian florin, or 52.5 suddeutscher shield. In addition, the Federation of French-speaking cantons of Switzerland and German states have also given up to join the French or German currency areas, currency areas the proposal to accept a unified currency.
The Latin Monetary Union - the establishment of the Latin Monetary Union 1865, Emperor Napoleon III of France's initiative, Belgium, France, Italy and Switzerland, the four countries meeting in Paris, which aims to adopt a uniform in Europe, commonly used in coinage. The four countries signed the agreement on the single currency, marking the Latin Monetary Union was established. Under the agreement, countries maintain the original name of the base currency (the exception of Italy are called francs) to France's monetary system, based on the main currency of the gold content are set at .2903225 grams of gold or 4.5 grams of silver, can be equivalent between countries Circulation. The main currency denominated 100,50,20,10,5 franc coins, will also be issued 5,2,1 and 50,20 francs centimes for silver. Less than 20 centimes coin can not flow between countries. As the country had basically the same in the implementation of the monetary system, so little impact on the economy.
Latin Monetary Union in August 1, 1866 came into effect to January 1, 1880 to terminate. If the January 1, 1879 dissolution of the Member States have not previously requested, then the treaty will remain in force for 15 years.
Latin Monetary Union - the development of Latin Monetary Union for the flow of capital between member countries, financial transactions and commerce, tourism brings a great convenience, but also satisfactorily resolved due to strict regulations in France the proportion of gold and silver dollar rise in the value of silver caused the problem. European countries are trying their own currency with such a stable currency linked to stabilize the currency. Papal States in 1866 to join the Latin Monetary Union, Spain and Greece joined in 1868. Austro-Hungarian Empire, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, San Marino and Venezuela joined in 1889.
The Latin Monetary Union in order to expand the influence of Napoleon III in 1867 held a meeting again to discuss a single issue of the global monetary system. The United States issued after the Civil War Eagle Emblem Gold Coin 5 U.S. dollars (about 25.85 francs), while the United Kingdom issued a Schaffrin gold (Sovereign, together 30 shillings or 1.5 pounds, approximately equivalent to 25.20 francs). Both values are close to 25 francs, so the two countries proposed to France 25 francs gold coin issued way to establish contacts with the Latin Monetary Union, but this proposal was worried about the cost and loss of money recast the French rejection of the dominant position. Bismarck's Prussia explicitly refused to consider joining the Latin Monetary Union possibilities.
After the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, France to Germany to pay reparations of 5 billion francs, Germany, to the establishment of a separate gold standard - marks. Gold and silver price ratio in the latter half of the 19th century continue to beat, leading to the basis of the Latin Monetary Union - gold and silver bimetallic system had collapsed. In France, gold and silver price ratio from 1807 to 1870 of 1:15 into a 1874 1:16.17, a large number of outflow of gold, the French had in 1876 introduced the gold standard, repealed 5 francs silver coins in circulation, and eliminate free casting silver to the Order. Latin Monetary Union Member States limit per person will be holding a six francs in silver. Latin Monetary Union at that time had been at risk. Although since then many countries to join the alliance, but the monetary system is no longer based on the French monetary system, but on the basis of equivalent gold content.
After 1878, due to the implementation of the gold standard of the pound and mark the impact of other members of the Latin Monetary Union have also changed to the gold standard. Subsequently appeared on the international financial markets based on the gold standard based on international currency exchange system, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, the Latin Monetary Union member states and the Scandinavian Monetary Union member states have established their own currencies gold content, between the various currency area to a fixed exchange rate between the currency exchange, free flow of information. To 1914 World War I broke out, the Latin monetary union has in fact disappeared. The termination of the gold standard in 1927, France, and in the following year enactment of the new currency law, the official demise of the Latin Monetary Union.
European Central Bank--ECB
European Central Bank--ECB
The European Central Bank (European Central Bank - ECB), referred to as the European Central Bank is based on the 1992 "Maastricht Treaty" provided for in July 1, 1998 formally established, is issued in order to adapt to the flow of the establishment of the euro financial institutions, but also a product of European economic integration. Its predecessor is located in Frankfurt, the European currency board. The European Central Bank's function is to "maintain monetary stability", management-led interest rate, currency reserves and distribution as well as the development of European monetary policy; its functions and structure of the German Federal Bank as a model, independent of the EU institutions and Governments. Headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany's financial center, the current president is Jean-Claude Trichet.
The European Central Bank - History The European Central Bank European Central Bank was established in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in June 1998, employs about 1,350 people from all 27 EU countries. The European Council in June 1988 the progressive realization of goals set by the Economic and Monetary Union (the European Monetary Union).
It provides for a committee chaired by Jacques Delors, the then Chairman of the European Commission to study and propose concrete stages leading to this alliance.
The Board consists of the governor, the then European Community (EC) national central banks; Alexandre Lamfalussy, the then General Manager, Bank for International Settlements (BIS) of; Niels Thygesen, professor of economics, Denmark; and Miguel Boyer of the outer wall of the then President of the Bank of Spain, the United States. Economic and Monetary Union is the ultimate goal of establishing the European Community, from the European Community started with the establishment by Member States on matters of monetary policy cooperation, the relevant EC Treaty, and not the specific economic and monetary union will become more impossible to be licensed, while the central bank governor Commission is only an advisory organization.
The first phase of Economic and Monetary Union was officially launched in 1990, the need for the coordination and harmonization of monetary policy, central bank governor Committee began playing an increasingly important role. Then in the "Maastricht Treaty" in the last set position of the European Central Bank.
European Monetary Board in January 1, 1994 in the economic and monetary union, the beginning of the second phase of the establishment, its task is to coordinate monetary policy and strengthen cooperation among member central banks and preparation of the European System of Central Banks. Formulation and implementation of monetary policy by member governments still retain the power.
May 25, 1998, the euro and the participating Governments agreed to the appointment of the European Central Bank and the Vice-President, marking the establishment of the European Central Bank has taken a major step forward.
From June 1, 1998, the European currency board to complete its historic mission to enter the final liquidation stage of the history of the European System of Central Banks come to front.
Since January 1999, the European Central Bank (ECB) has been responsible for monetary policy in the euro area - the world's largest economy, after the United States.
The birth of the euro area is responsible for monetary policy shifted to the national central banks of EU member states of the European Central Bank. Creation of the euro area and the new supra-national bodies - the European Central Bank, in the long and complex process of European integration, is a milestone.
The European Central Bank - businessThe European Central Bank Executive (Office)Notes (Bureau)Communications (Bureau)Counsel to the Executive BoardRepresentation of the European Central Bank in Washington, DCEconomics (General)Financial Stability and Supervision (Bureau)Human resources, budget and organization (Office)Information System (Office)
The European Central Bank (European Central Bank - ECB), referred to as the European Central Bank is based on the 1992 "Maastricht Treaty" provided for in July 1, 1998 formally established, is issued in order to adapt to the flow of the establishment of the euro financial institutions, but also a product of European economic integration. Its predecessor is located in Frankfurt, the European currency board. The European Central Bank's function is to "maintain monetary stability", management-led interest rate, currency reserves and distribution as well as the development of European monetary policy; its functions and structure of the German Federal Bank as a model, independent of the EU institutions and Governments. Headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany's financial center, the current president is Jean-Claude Trichet.
The European Central Bank - History The European Central Bank European Central Bank was established in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, in June 1998, employs about 1,350 people from all 27 EU countries. The European Council in June 1988 the progressive realization of goals set by the Economic and Monetary Union (the European Monetary Union).
It provides for a committee chaired by Jacques Delors, the then Chairman of the European Commission to study and propose concrete stages leading to this alliance.
The Board consists of the governor, the then European Community (EC) national central banks; Alexandre Lamfalussy, the then General Manager, Bank for International Settlements (BIS) of; Niels Thygesen, professor of economics, Denmark; and Miguel Boyer of the outer wall of the then President of the Bank of Spain, the United States. Economic and Monetary Union is the ultimate goal of establishing the European Community, from the European Community started with the establishment by Member States on matters of monetary policy cooperation, the relevant EC Treaty, and not the specific economic and monetary union will become more impossible to be licensed, while the central bank governor Commission is only an advisory organization.
The first phase of Economic and Monetary Union was officially launched in 1990, the need for the coordination and harmonization of monetary policy, central bank governor Committee began playing an increasingly important role. Then in the "Maastricht Treaty" in the last set position of the European Central Bank.
European Monetary Board in January 1, 1994 in the economic and monetary union, the beginning of the second phase of the establishment, its task is to coordinate monetary policy and strengthen cooperation among member central banks and preparation of the European System of Central Banks. Formulation and implementation of monetary policy by member governments still retain the power.
May 25, 1998, the euro and the participating Governments agreed to the appointment of the European Central Bank and the Vice-President, marking the establishment of the European Central Bank has taken a major step forward.
From June 1, 1998, the European currency board to complete its historic mission to enter the final liquidation stage of the history of the European System of Central Banks come to front.
Since January 1999, the European Central Bank (ECB) has been responsible for monetary policy in the euro area - the world's largest economy, after the United States.
The birth of the euro area is responsible for monetary policy shifted to the national central banks of EU member states of the European Central Bank. Creation of the euro area and the new supra-national bodies - the European Central Bank, in the long and complex process of European integration, is a milestone.
The European Central Bank - businessThe European Central Bank Executive (Office)Notes (Bureau)Communications (Bureau)Counsel to the Executive BoardRepresentation of the European Central Bank in Washington, DCEconomics (General)Financial Stability and Supervision (Bureau)Human resources, budget and organization (Office)Information System (Office)
FED-US Federal Reserve Board
U.S. Federal Reserve Board, called FED, the maximum monetary policy for the United States competent authority responsible for the custody commercial bank reserves, commercial bank loans and issuance of Federal Reserve Notes. FED is divided into three-tier organization, up to the Council, under which is the 12 Federal Reserve Bank and the Reserve Bank's member banks. August 2009 U.S. President Barack Obama announcing his nomination for re-election the U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, his second four-year term starting from January 2010.
U.S. Federal Reserve - the specific characteristics of U.S. Federal Reserve in an independent and the basic principle of checks and balances. The checks and balances, the council's seven directors (including the Chairman, Vice-chairman) noted the nomination by the president, and subject to consent of the Senate. For the monetary policy decision, such as the increase or reduction of the rediscount rate, using collegiate and voting system, one vote, and for a secret ballot, the President's vote is usually cast already in the majority party. While the president can keep abreast of directors with the President, Vice-Chairman of the nomination, but, once approved by the Senate for a term up to fourteen years, may be served a maximum of five president.
As for independence, FED to personnel and budgetary independence of the most acclaimed independent, in addition to the Council, the other also has the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), responsible for longer-term monetary policy decisions and in accordance with the guiding principles of foreign exchange, foreign exchange operations of the authorization procedures for foreign exchange operations and foreign exchange operations. As the dollar in international currency markets, a strong position, the U.S. Federal Reserve intervention in the foreign exchange market, especially by the foreign exchange market attention. A result of trade surpluses, while the yen soared, the Japanese central bank intervention in currency markets to be successful, the best access to the Fed's assistance and cooperation.
The Federal Reserve is also the formulation of U.S. monetary policy leaders, in October 1993, the United States the economy rising fast, posing a danger of inflation, thanks to the then Chairman of the Board who is also the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan (Green Spain) in disregard of public opinion and political pressure, the continuous increase in the discount rate seven times to make a successful soft landing for the U.S. economy, free from the threat of inflation.
U.S. Federal Reserve - the specific characteristics of U.S. Federal Reserve in an independent and the basic principle of checks and balances. The checks and balances, the council's seven directors (including the Chairman, Vice-chairman) noted the nomination by the president, and subject to consent of the Senate. For the monetary policy decision, such as the increase or reduction of the rediscount rate, using collegiate and voting system, one vote, and for a secret ballot, the President's vote is usually cast already in the majority party. While the president can keep abreast of directors with the President, Vice-Chairman of the nomination, but, once approved by the Senate for a term up to fourteen years, may be served a maximum of five president.
As for independence, FED to personnel and budgetary independence of the most acclaimed independent, in addition to the Council, the other also has the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), responsible for longer-term monetary policy decisions and in accordance with the guiding principles of foreign exchange, foreign exchange operations of the authorization procedures for foreign exchange operations and foreign exchange operations. As the dollar in international currency markets, a strong position, the U.S. Federal Reserve intervention in the foreign exchange market, especially by the foreign exchange market attention. A result of trade surpluses, while the yen soared, the Japanese central bank intervention in currency markets to be successful, the best access to the Fed's assistance and cooperation.
The Federal Reserve is also the formulation of U.S. monetary policy leaders, in October 1993, the United States the economy rising fast, posing a danger of inflation, thanks to the then Chairman of the Board who is also the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan (Green Spain) in disregard of public opinion and political pressure, the continuous increase in the discount rate seven times to make a successful soft landing for the U.S. economy, free from the threat of inflation.
Dow Jones Industrial Average
Dow Jones Industrial Average-what is the Dow Jones Industrial Average?
Dow Jones Industrial Average is the world's oldest stock index, its called the stock price averages. In 1884 by Dow Jones & Company founder Charles Road starting from prepared. Dow Jones Industrial Average is the world's most influential and most authoritative of a stock price index, because the Dow Jones stock price average stocks chosen are representative and distributor of these stocks are the industry has an important influence The well-known companies, their stock prices for the attention of the world's stock markets, countries attached great importance to investors.
U.S. Dow Jones index - list of constituent stocks Dow Jones stock price average initial calculation (skills) is obtained by simple arithmetic average method. It is 1884 by Dow Jones & Company founder Charles began the preparation of the Tao. Its initial stock price of Dow Jones average is based on 11 kinds of representative of the railway company's stock, calculated using the arithmetic average method compiled and published in Charles Road, compilation and publication of his "Daily Newsletter" on. Its calculation formula is: The average stock price = price of selected stocks and / the number of selected stocks .
Since 1897, the Dow Jones average stock price began to be divided into two major categories of industrial and transport sectors, including industrial average stock price index includes 12 stocks, transportation average index includes 20 stocks, and began the company in the Dow Jones published in "Wall Street Journal" published. In 1929, the Dow Jones stock price average utility stocks added to the stock included 65 species, and has been continued ever since.
The most important thing is 30 stocks. At present, the Dow Jones index of stock prices on average were divided into four groups, the first average index of industrial stock prices (Dow Jones Industrial Average). It consists of 30 representative stocks composed of large industrial and commercial companies, and with the economic development of larger, less able to reflect the entire U.S. commercial and industrial stock price level, which is commonly referenced by the Dow Jones industrial average of stock prices . Now Dow Jones stock price average index is based on October 1, 1928 as the base period, because this day when the Dow Jones closing stock price average of just about 100 U.S. dollars, it will be set as the base date.
Constituent stocks of the old list (Dow Jones 30 index) Alcoa AA ALCOAInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) American Express AXP AmericanExpressCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) The Boeing Company BA TheBoeingCo New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) C Citigroup, Inc Citigroup New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) CAT CaterpillarInc Heavy Industries to develop the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) DDE.I. DuPont DeNemours & Co (DuPont) DuPont, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) The Walt Disney Company DIS The Walt DisneyCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Kodak EK EastmanKodakCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Kraft Foods Co., Ltd.) General Electric GE GeneralElectricCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) General Motors GM GeneralMotorsCorp the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) HD Home Depot Inc Home storage company in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Honeywell HON Honeywell InternationalInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (has been lowered, Chevron) HPQ Hewlett-PackardCo Hewlett-Packard (Compaq) Company New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) International Business Machines Corp. IBM InternationalBusinessMachinesCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Intel Corporation INTC IntelCorp Nasdaq (Nasdaq) International Paper IP InternationalPaperCo New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (in lieu of PFIZER Pfizer pharmaceutical company) JNJ Johnson & JohnsonInc Johnson & Johnson New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) JPM JPMorganChase & CoJP Morgan, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) KO Coca-ColaCo (Coke) Coca-Cola New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) McDonald's MCD McDonaldsCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) MMM MinnesotaMining & ManufacturingCo Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M Company) New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Philip Morris MO PhilipMorrisCompaniesInc New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Merck & Co. MRK Merck & CoInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) MSFTMicrosoftCorp Microsoft Corporation NASDAQ (Nasdaq) PGTheProcter & GambleCo Procter & Gamble Company, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) SBC SBC SBCCommunicationsInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) TAT & TCorp AT & T, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Verizon Communications Inc. Verizon replaced) United Technologies Corp. UTX UnitedTechnologiesCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Wal-Mart WMT Wal-MartStoresInc New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Exxon Mobil Corporation XOM ExxonMobilCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
Dow Jones Industrial Average is the world's oldest stock index, its called the stock price averages. In 1884 by Dow Jones & Company founder Charles Road starting from prepared. Dow Jones Industrial Average is the world's most influential and most authoritative of a stock price index, because the Dow Jones stock price average stocks chosen are representative and distributor of these stocks are the industry has an important influence The well-known companies, their stock prices for the attention of the world's stock markets, countries attached great importance to investors.
U.S. Dow Jones index - list of constituent stocks Dow Jones stock price average initial calculation (skills) is obtained by simple arithmetic average method. It is 1884 by Dow Jones & Company founder Charles began the preparation of the Tao. Its initial stock price of Dow Jones average is based on 11 kinds of representative of the railway company's stock, calculated using the arithmetic average method compiled and published in Charles Road, compilation and publication of his "Daily Newsletter" on. Its calculation formula is: The average stock price = price of selected stocks and / the number of selected stocks .
Since 1897, the Dow Jones average stock price began to be divided into two major categories of industrial and transport sectors, including industrial average stock price index includes 12 stocks, transportation average index includes 20 stocks, and began the company in the Dow Jones published in "Wall Street Journal" published. In 1929, the Dow Jones stock price average utility stocks added to the stock included 65 species, and has been continued ever since.
The most important thing is 30 stocks. At present, the Dow Jones index of stock prices on average were divided into four groups, the first average index of industrial stock prices (Dow Jones Industrial Average). It consists of 30 representative stocks composed of large industrial and commercial companies, and with the economic development of larger, less able to reflect the entire U.S. commercial and industrial stock price level, which is commonly referenced by the Dow Jones industrial average of stock prices . Now Dow Jones stock price average index is based on October 1, 1928 as the base period, because this day when the Dow Jones closing stock price average of just about 100 U.S. dollars, it will be set as the base date.
Constituent stocks of the old list (Dow Jones 30 index) Alcoa AA ALCOAInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) American Express AXP AmericanExpressCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) The Boeing Company BA TheBoeingCo New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) C Citigroup, Inc Citigroup New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) CAT CaterpillarInc Heavy Industries to develop the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) DDE.I. DuPont DeNemours & Co (DuPont) DuPont, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) The Walt Disney Company DIS The Walt DisneyCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Kodak EK EastmanKodakCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Kraft Foods Co., Ltd.) General Electric GE GeneralElectricCo the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) General Motors GM GeneralMotorsCorp the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) HD Home Depot Inc Home storage company in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Honeywell HON Honeywell InternationalInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (has been lowered, Chevron) HPQ Hewlett-PackardCo Hewlett-Packard (Compaq) Company New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) International Business Machines Corp. IBM InternationalBusinessMachinesCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Intel Corporation INTC IntelCorp Nasdaq (Nasdaq) International Paper IP InternationalPaperCo New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (in lieu of PFIZER Pfizer pharmaceutical company) JNJ Johnson & JohnsonInc Johnson & Johnson New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) JPM JPMorganChase & CoJP Morgan, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) KO Coca-ColaCo (Coke) Coca-Cola New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) McDonald's MCD McDonaldsCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) MMM MinnesotaMining & ManufacturingCo Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M Company) New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Philip Morris MO PhilipMorrisCompaniesInc New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Merck & Co. MRK Merck & CoInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) MSFTMicrosoftCorp Microsoft Corporation NASDAQ (Nasdaq) PGTheProcter & GambleCo Procter & Gamble Company, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) SBC SBC SBCCommunicationsInc the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) TAT & TCorp AT & T, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Verizon Communications Inc. Verizon replaced) United Technologies Corp. UTX UnitedTechnologiesCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Wal-Mart WMT Wal-MartStoresInc New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) Exxon Mobil Corporation XOM ExxonMobilCorp New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
Saturday, December 5, 2009
Offshore financial center
Offshore financial center-what is the Offshore financial center?
Offshore financial centers to the Eurodollar market as an example, it is a very typical offshore financial center, it is a free transaction, the freedom of unregulated international financial markets. Offshore financial business is part of wholesale banking, deposit and loan amounts are large, trading partners are usually banks and multinational companies, their business is usually the introduction of foreign capital, and then loaned to foreign capital. Individual investors can also be institutional investors.
Offshore financial centers - basic profile of an offshore financial center, the relatively well-known offshore financial center of the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Western Samoa, Anguilla Islands. Offshore Company Limited, compared with the general, the main difference between the tax. With the commonly used turnover or profits tax practice is different from offshore jurisdictions, offshore companies to pay the Government only to the annual management fee, in addition to no longer charge any tax. In addition to tax concessions, almost all of the offshore jurisdictions expressly provides: information on the company's shareholders, equity ratio, earnings and so on, to enjoy privacy rights, such as shareholders or not, may not be disclosed. Another advantage is that almost all major international banks have recognized these companies, such as the United States, Chase Manhattan Bank, Hong Kong, HSBC, Singapore Development Bank, the French Calyon Bank. "Offshore" companies can be opened in the bank account number, in the financial operation is extremely easy. Such "off-shore" region and the countries and the world's developed countries have good trade relations. Therefore, overseas offshore companies is that many large multinational companies and high worth individuals have frequently used financial instruments.
Offshore financial centers - the major categories of the international offshore financial center and mapping of the major offshore financial centers in theory can be divided into three categories:
1, to London on behalf of the London-based offshore financial center. Features: The currency is the foreign currency operations, market participants can operate offshore financial business, they can operate free-market business. There is no restriction in the management and operation of offshore businesses do not have the financial authorities for approval.
2, with New York as the representative of the New York-based offshore financial center, offshore business operations of domestic banks and foreign banks must apply to the financial authorities. Offshore offshore financial services business can be exempt from reserve requirements, deposit insurance concessions enjoyed the interest withholding tax and local tax exemption. Offshore business operates outside the currency could be money, it can be the national currency, but the offshore business and traditional business must be separate accounts.
3, avoidance-based offshore financial centers, generally located in the scenic islands and ports, political stability, tax incentives, there is no financial controls. This is the sense we usually referred to offshore financial center. In recent years, some of the world countries and regions such as the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and so have resorted to legal means to try to figure out and cultivate some special liberal economic region, allowing the international community in its territory, the establishment of an international business company, these areas generally referred to as offshore jurisdiction or as an offshore jurisdiction. The so-called offshore companies in offshore jurisdictions that generally refers to the establishment of limited liability companies or international business companies.
Offshore financial centers to the Eurodollar market as an example, it is a very typical offshore financial center, it is a free transaction, the freedom of unregulated international financial markets. Offshore financial business is part of wholesale banking, deposit and loan amounts are large, trading partners are usually banks and multinational companies, their business is usually the introduction of foreign capital, and then loaned to foreign capital. Individual investors can also be institutional investors.
Offshore financial centers - basic profile of an offshore financial center, the relatively well-known offshore financial center of the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Western Samoa, Anguilla Islands. Offshore Company Limited, compared with the general, the main difference between the tax. With the commonly used turnover or profits tax practice is different from offshore jurisdictions, offshore companies to pay the Government only to the annual management fee, in addition to no longer charge any tax. In addition to tax concessions, almost all of the offshore jurisdictions expressly provides: information on the company's shareholders, equity ratio, earnings and so on, to enjoy privacy rights, such as shareholders or not, may not be disclosed. Another advantage is that almost all major international banks have recognized these companies, such as the United States, Chase Manhattan Bank, Hong Kong, HSBC, Singapore Development Bank, the French Calyon Bank. "Offshore" companies can be opened in the bank account number, in the financial operation is extremely easy. Such "off-shore" region and the countries and the world's developed countries have good trade relations. Therefore, overseas offshore companies is that many large multinational companies and high worth individuals have frequently used financial instruments.
Offshore financial centers - the major categories of the international offshore financial center and mapping of the major offshore financial centers in theory can be divided into three categories:
1, to London on behalf of the London-based offshore financial center. Features: The currency is the foreign currency operations, market participants can operate offshore financial business, they can operate free-market business. There is no restriction in the management and operation of offshore businesses do not have the financial authorities for approval.
2, with New York as the representative of the New York-based offshore financial center, offshore business operations of domestic banks and foreign banks must apply to the financial authorities. Offshore offshore financial services business can be exempt from reserve requirements, deposit insurance concessions enjoyed the interest withholding tax and local tax exemption. Offshore business operates outside the currency could be money, it can be the national currency, but the offshore business and traditional business must be separate accounts.
3, avoidance-based offshore financial centers, generally located in the scenic islands and ports, political stability, tax incentives, there is no financial controls. This is the sense we usually referred to offshore financial center. In recent years, some of the world countries and regions such as the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and so have resorted to legal means to try to figure out and cultivate some special liberal economic region, allowing the international community in its territory, the establishment of an international business company, these areas generally referred to as offshore jurisdiction or as an offshore jurisdiction. The so-called offshore companies in offshore jurisdictions that generally refers to the establishment of limited liability companies or international business companies.
Omega-OMEGA Watches
Omega-ABOUT Omega
Omega - Introduction OMEGA Omega Swiss brand; Swatch Group brands.
Omega Omega Swiss watch 130 countries around the world through outstanding dealers sell watches, each one of modern young people are "Hypnose" seeking the wrist when the account on behalf of their "Omega World "recognition and pursuit. In the "Omega World", there is accompanied by super human space exploration Pa Pro Series - the first one is only a "one-moon-landing" of the "Moon Watch" (Moon Watch); a twenty-meter Olympic Games, when the specified , access to numerous accurate when taking into account the best design award. Omega is the world's eminent persons - including international supermodel Cindy Crawford and the world • a • Formula One champion Michael Schumacher of the inevitable choice. In the U.S., Omega is the most popular, best-selling brand watches. It was founded in 1848, Omega marks the glorious achievements in the history of watchmaking, disdain peers. Product as early as in 1892, Omega introduced the world's first watch a play spring, two years later, in 1894, produced the world-famous Omega 19 so that movement, the movement of manufacturing a revolutionary fusion of advanced at the time technology, with its several outstanding features, such as crown in order to adjust the time by the official brand name of Omega, so that Omega became Switzerland's leading watch manufacturer. Omega is a Greek letter in the last letter, with perfect success, meaning beautiful and excellent. Since that time, Omega with its advanced technology with superior watchmaking art, position ourselves as a leading position in the table altar and created numerous impressive achievements.
Omega - Brand Introduction
In the 150 years of glorious history, the Omega watch technology has been playing lead role in creating that, with a perseverance and pioneering spirit, we challenge the different areas of space exploration from the very best in the mystery beauty of nature, as well as the mysterious deep ocean to challenge the limits. Omega is more puzzled with the sport formed edge that, with unsurpassed technical expertise, the authority for a number of international events to provide timing services.
NASA test rated the world's most stringent test objective is to Apollo lunar astronauts plan to select a reliable performance of the watch, while the Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph was the only tested . Since then, the Omega and the common space of mankind forward, with a record less unworthy of legend. Today, the super form is still recognized by the United States National Aeronautics and Space mission qualified time off watch, and was chosen to launch the Russian space station mission.
Omega Omega is also a leader in sports timing, he set numerous technological breakthroughs, including the world's first thousandth of a second end photography equipment and all of today's international swimming board contacts necessary timing system, including the recently completed at the Nordic Winter Olympic Games will also be provided by the Omega timing services. Omega products, pioneering high-quality performance is also another manifestation of the brand, such as the new coaxial escapement system device can be made more reliable performance, Omega watches, maintenance, and therefore also to extend the time-distance. Omega since 1848 by Lewis, Brandt founded, has been to create the glorious history of watch and clock industry.
In 1900 became the first Swiss watch industry manufacturers.
1919, has since set the world on the Observatory's race record of accuracy. Worked 22 Olympic Games (the first time at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games) and other international sporting events such as a grand track and field, swimming, golf and sailing competitions to provide timing services. Expeditionary space to make history, Omega Speedmaster Professional dollars into the table in 1965 and won the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space selection, July 21, 1969 humans on the moon, the first step of the astronauts on the moon wear wrist is super - Pa Professional Chronograph.
In 1970, the implementation of the mandate of the Apollo 13 launch failure Speedmaster Professional Chronograph play a key role in accurate calculation of the engine ignition timing, so that the spacecraft into orbit returned to Earth, to "save" the astronauts and spacecraft. The latest International Space Station is also equipped with X-33 Speedmaster Professional Chronograph Multi-function, Omega once again become a pioneer in the human conquest of space, design of this Omega watch, respectively consulted the United States, the Soviet Union and Europe as well as professional astronauts pilot professional advice, in addition with the most advanced technology features, in order to fully meet the stringent professional requirements of space missions. At the same time, the "Moon Watch," said Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph is still the United States and Russia launch astronauts partner. Stay with them for a stroll in space.
Omega - Introduction OMEGA Omega Swiss brand; Swatch Group brands.
Omega Omega Swiss watch 130 countries around the world through outstanding dealers sell watches, each one of modern young people are "Hypnose" seeking the wrist when the account on behalf of their "Omega World "recognition and pursuit. In the "Omega World", there is accompanied by super human space exploration Pa Pro Series - the first one is only a "one-moon-landing" of the "Moon Watch" (Moon Watch); a twenty-meter Olympic Games, when the specified , access to numerous accurate when taking into account the best design award. Omega is the world's eminent persons - including international supermodel Cindy Crawford and the world • a • Formula One champion Michael Schumacher of the inevitable choice. In the U.S., Omega is the most popular, best-selling brand watches. It was founded in 1848, Omega marks the glorious achievements in the history of watchmaking, disdain peers. Product as early as in 1892, Omega introduced the world's first watch a play spring, two years later, in 1894, produced the world-famous Omega 19 so that movement, the movement of manufacturing a revolutionary fusion of advanced at the time technology, with its several outstanding features, such as crown in order to adjust the time by the official brand name of Omega, so that Omega became Switzerland's leading watch manufacturer. Omega is a Greek letter in the last letter, with perfect success, meaning beautiful and excellent. Since that time, Omega with its advanced technology with superior watchmaking art, position ourselves as a leading position in the table altar and created numerous impressive achievements.
Omega - Brand Introduction
In the 150 years of glorious history, the Omega watch technology has been playing lead role in creating that, with a perseverance and pioneering spirit, we challenge the different areas of space exploration from the very best in the mystery beauty of nature, as well as the mysterious deep ocean to challenge the limits. Omega is more puzzled with the sport formed edge that, with unsurpassed technical expertise, the authority for a number of international events to provide timing services.
NASA test rated the world's most stringent test objective is to Apollo lunar astronauts plan to select a reliable performance of the watch, while the Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph was the only tested . Since then, the Omega and the common space of mankind forward, with a record less unworthy of legend. Today, the super form is still recognized by the United States National Aeronautics and Space mission qualified time off watch, and was chosen to launch the Russian space station mission.
Omega Omega is also a leader in sports timing, he set numerous technological breakthroughs, including the world's first thousandth of a second end photography equipment and all of today's international swimming board contacts necessary timing system, including the recently completed at the Nordic Winter Olympic Games will also be provided by the Omega timing services. Omega products, pioneering high-quality performance is also another manifestation of the brand, such as the new coaxial escapement system device can be made more reliable performance, Omega watches, maintenance, and therefore also to extend the time-distance. Omega since 1848 by Lewis, Brandt founded, has been to create the glorious history of watch and clock industry.
In 1900 became the first Swiss watch industry manufacturers.
1919, has since set the world on the Observatory's race record of accuracy. Worked 22 Olympic Games (the first time at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games) and other international sporting events such as a grand track and field, swimming, golf and sailing competitions to provide timing services. Expeditionary space to make history, Omega Speedmaster Professional dollars into the table in 1965 and won the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space selection, July 21, 1969 humans on the moon, the first step of the astronauts on the moon wear wrist is super - Pa Professional Chronograph.
In 1970, the implementation of the mandate of the Apollo 13 launch failure Speedmaster Professional Chronograph play a key role in accurate calculation of the engine ignition timing, so that the spacecraft into orbit returned to Earth, to "save" the astronauts and spacecraft. The latest International Space Station is also equipped with X-33 Speedmaster Professional Chronograph Multi-function, Omega once again become a pioneer in the human conquest of space, design of this Omega watch, respectively consulted the United States, the Soviet Union and Europe as well as professional astronauts pilot professional advice, in addition with the most advanced technology features, in order to fully meet the stringent professional requirements of space missions. At the same time, the "Moon Watch," said Omega Speedmaster Professional Chronograph is still the United States and Russia launch astronauts partner. Stay with them for a stroll in space.
Cohiba Cigars&Cohiba Culture in Cuba
Cuban Cigars-COHIBA Cuban Cuba was both the then European discovery where tobacco is still producing the best and most famous cigar tobacco. Cohiba is an ancient .
Cuban cigars most popular cigar bar, in the "aficionados" of the rankings, Cohiba is always in the forefront. Cohiba1966 was born in Havana, was originally a gift only as a government presidents and diplomats, after 1982, this brand of cigar began to commercialization, authorized people can buy it. The production of high-quality cigars, we must first choose a good variety grown in the appropriate places. Leaf picking down, after drying, fermentation, the whole flat, storage, and then select cigar tobacco production, during which about to go through three years, more than 80 working procedure.
Volume cigar tobacco used in the outer and the inner is not the same, outsourcing to pick tobacco leaves thin, oil were large and shiny varieties, so that only beautiful but also the shape cigars burning well. The inner layer is divided into cigar Ligero, seco, volado, They are intoxicated with a sense of produce, manufacturing, and combustion part of the aromatic, Ligero is the soul of cigars, cigar 50% of the flavor depends on it.
Cuban cigars-Cohiba culture in Cuba Cuban culture is deeply rooted in the intoxicating aroma of tobacco into. 250 million Cubans smoke cigars a year, the other 65 million "Havana" cigars exported.
Large Some Cuban cigars hand-rolled cigars are in order to maintain its superior quality. Many "addicted smokers" are defined "Havana" cigars is the world's best cigars. Cuban cigar brand has 35 existing species, there are more than 500 varieties. Some cigar factory Zhizuo certain flavor cigars, and some plants are Zhizuo certain models of cigars. Located in the outskirts of Havana, a beautiful Italian-style building on the EI Laguito cigar factories are producing the world's best cigars - Trinidad - a long cigar for Cuban President Fidel Castro • manufacturing, Custer Luo once made it as a gift for foreign diplomats and high-brow types. Taste of Cuban cigars, cigar factory tour, do not have some fun.
Europeans believe that only in the Cuban tobacco and cigar production is the best. So from the beginning in 1510, Cuba into a high-volume sales to Europe. Cuban Tobacco Factory a lot, but well-known brand cigar manufacturers are in Havana, Havana cigars, Cuban cigars represent the highest level has become a synonym for Cuban cigars. Cigar production in two ways: rolling machine and hand-rolled, in general, hand-rolled cigars better than machine-rolled. Cigarette industry is the real artist. To create a Havana cigar, you must first choose the best tobacco. In addition, the cigarette industry must also threw himself into that, with dexterous hands, delicate cut tobacco, cigarette skilled technical, just right of the finishing .......。 When finished a cigar, the tobacco industry is always proud, self-admired to stare with their own masterpiece.
How to select Cuban cigars?
Generally speaking, pre-served to view the selection of cigar wrapper to see if she remains intact, distributed a healthy sheen, whether it is too dry brittle, leading to cigars tend to taste bad rough Sim, whether distributed rich aroma? (If not, may indicate improper storage), high-quality cigars can not be too hard or too soft. If the wrapper is too vertical and horizontal prominence of veins, then that cigarette factory quality control problems, Do not buy.
Eggplant is the experience to deploy the main factors affecting the flavor cigars. In accordance with experience: the more dark the more full-bodied cigars, taste sweet and some may also be because the dark wrapper with a high sugar content. The cigar has been properly stored in cedar boxes will continue to mature fermentation, in a mature process, the cigars will be less and less acidity, full-bodied cigars, especially those rough-type fat cigar mature the better.
Cuban cigars most popular cigar bar, in the "aficionados" of the rankings, Cohiba is always in the forefront. Cohiba1966 was born in Havana, was originally a gift only as a government presidents and diplomats, after 1982, this brand of cigar began to commercialization, authorized people can buy it. The production of high-quality cigars, we must first choose a good variety grown in the appropriate places. Leaf picking down, after drying, fermentation, the whole flat, storage, and then select cigar tobacco production, during which about to go through three years, more than 80 working procedure.
Volume cigar tobacco used in the outer and the inner is not the same, outsourcing to pick tobacco leaves thin, oil were large and shiny varieties, so that only beautiful but also the shape cigars burning well. The inner layer is divided into cigar Ligero, seco, volado, They are intoxicated with a sense of produce, manufacturing, and combustion part of the aromatic, Ligero is the soul of cigars, cigar 50% of the flavor depends on it.
Cuban cigars-Cohiba culture in Cuba Cuban culture is deeply rooted in the intoxicating aroma of tobacco into. 250 million Cubans smoke cigars a year, the other 65 million "Havana" cigars exported.
Large Some Cuban cigars hand-rolled cigars are in order to maintain its superior quality. Many "addicted smokers" are defined "Havana" cigars is the world's best cigars. Cuban cigar brand has 35 existing species, there are more than 500 varieties. Some cigar factory Zhizuo certain flavor cigars, and some plants are Zhizuo certain models of cigars. Located in the outskirts of Havana, a beautiful Italian-style building on the EI Laguito cigar factories are producing the world's best cigars - Trinidad - a long cigar for Cuban President Fidel Castro • manufacturing, Custer Luo once made it as a gift for foreign diplomats and high-brow types. Taste of Cuban cigars, cigar factory tour, do not have some fun.
Europeans believe that only in the Cuban tobacco and cigar production is the best. So from the beginning in 1510, Cuba into a high-volume sales to Europe. Cuban Tobacco Factory a lot, but well-known brand cigar manufacturers are in Havana, Havana cigars, Cuban cigars represent the highest level has become a synonym for Cuban cigars. Cigar production in two ways: rolling machine and hand-rolled, in general, hand-rolled cigars better than machine-rolled. Cigarette industry is the real artist. To create a Havana cigar, you must first choose the best tobacco. In addition, the cigarette industry must also threw himself into that, with dexterous hands, delicate cut tobacco, cigarette skilled technical, just right of the finishing .......。 When finished a cigar, the tobacco industry is always proud, self-admired to stare with their own masterpiece.
How to select Cuban cigars?
Generally speaking, pre-served to view the selection of cigar wrapper to see if she remains intact, distributed a healthy sheen, whether it is too dry brittle, leading to cigars tend to taste bad rough Sim, whether distributed rich aroma? (If not, may indicate improper storage), high-quality cigars can not be too hard or too soft. If the wrapper is too vertical and horizontal prominence of veins, then that cigarette factory quality control problems, Do not buy.
Eggplant is the experience to deploy the main factors affecting the flavor cigars. In accordance with experience: the more dark the more full-bodied cigars, taste sweet and some may also be because the dark wrapper with a high sugar content. The cigar has been properly stored in cedar boxes will continue to mature fermentation, in a mature process, the cigars will be less and less acidity, full-bodied cigars, especially those rough-type fat cigar mature the better.
General Motors Corporation-GM
General Motors Corporation-GM
General Motors Corporation (GM) is the world's largest automaker, has been the global industry sales leader for 77 years. General Motors Corporation was founded in 1908, total of 266,000 employees. GM's global headquarters in Detroit, so far in 35 countries and regions set up an automobile manufacturing business. In 2007, GM sold nearly 9.37 million cars and trucks, General Motors Corporation (General Motors) on June 1, 2009 in New York, filed for bankruptcy protection, which is the largest ever industrial enterprises in a bankruptcy.
General Motors - About General Motors General Motors Corporation (GM) was established in September 16, 1908, created the United States . Since the General Motors Corporation, has joint or merger of the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet lan, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Corvette and other companies, with Suzuki (Suzuki), Isuzu (Isuzu) and Subaru (Subaru) of the shares. So that the original small company into its division. From 1927 has been the world's largest car companies. Is marked by GM from its English name (GeneralMotorsCorporation) of the first two words of the first letter. GM's after-sales service and parts business to General Motors factory parts and accessories sales, its brands like General Motors, General Motors Performance Parts, GM Goodwrench and AC Delco, General Motors dealers and around the world agent services. The General Motors Powertrain Division is responsible for vehicle engines and transmissions are marketed. Trademarks of General Motors Corporation have adopted various models under the division of the company logo. Division under the company reached more than 20, and employs 266,000 people. GM's global headquarters in Michigan City of Detroit, the car so far around the world in 35 countries and regions set up an automobile manufacturing business. In 2007, GM sold nearly 9.37 million cars and trucks. As of 2007, the Fortune Global 500 company's sales ranking, General Motors ranked fifth.
General Motors - brand
U.S. General Motors Buick (Buick), Daewoo (Daewoo), Chevrolet (Chevrolet), Cadillac (Cadillac), Pontiac (Pontiac), Oldsmobile (Oldsmobile), Opel (Opel) , Vauxhall (Vauxhall), Holden (Holden), Hummer (Hummer), Saab (Saab), GMC, Saturn (Saturn) and so on.
Hummer (Hummer) U.S. company to produce AMG Hummer (Hummer) and known to the world. In 1992, the first civilian Hummer vehicle available, immediately won the favor of many. Today, General Motors has produced the AM General's Hummer
Hummer has been the right to use trademark and production rights, Hummer H2 SUV is GM's first birth of a Hummer. H2 Hummer inherited the tradition of military style, but also gives it some modern rhythms. First, you look it from all angles is unmistakable is that a Hummer off-road vehicles, especially front-face highlights the Hummer features. Hummer logo is its English name (HUMMER).
Pontiac
Pontiac cars for the Auckland Division of the original car, by a young Edward. Murphy created, which in 1908 produced a 4-cylinder engine cars, big power, very competitive, which has been rapidly development, and also attracted the attention of Durant, through the talks, in 1909 to join General Motors Corporation, 1932 Pontiac car division was officially used the name and trademark. Text from the United States Pontiac, Michigan, a place names, in 1909 joined the United States General Motors Corporation, Pontiac 1932, the official use of the car trademark. Buick May 19, 1903, David Buick (David Buick) in the Briscoe Shidi help create a Buick Motor Company. Its production in 1908 reached 8820, ranking the United States first, and to Buick's founding of the center of the General Motors Corporation. Buick Division of General Motors Corporation's second-largest department. Buick cars with big horsepower, personalized, practical and mature character. Buick's trademark logo is three knives, which are arranged to give people a starting point for climbing high and constantly feeling, a symbol of a positive and enterprising spirit of continuous climb. Text Buick is the company founder David Buick's name.
Chevrolet
Chevrolet's international brand heritage descent has been nearly a hundred years. General Motors the world's largest-selling brand, since 1912, the first product launch since the total has so far sold more than 100 million. Its market coverage to 70 countries, had a record sales of a new car every 40 seconds record. 2004 Chevrolet global sales of more than 3.6 million vehicles, accounting for the global automotive sales in the year the total of 5%. As GM's most international and popular brands, Chevrolet has a strong technical and marketing resources. Chevrolet's brand positioning is a popular international automotive brands trusted brand personality are: 1, 2 trustworthy, smart and pragmatic 3, pro-and four-friendly and dynamic. Chevrolet says the pattern of the trademark butterfly knot, text (Chevrolet) is a Swiss racing driver, engineer Louis Chevrolet's name.
General Motors Cadillac In 1902, Cadillac was born in the city known as the Detroit American car. 100 years, Cadillac has created in the automotive industry, numerous first, creating countless industry standard for luxury cars; can be said to represent the United States the history of Cadillac luxury cars in history. All along, the Cadillac had been regarded as a sign of the U.S. luxury car is a different historical era of the United States marked the success of successful people are heads of state, dignitaries and celebrities, the preferred car. In the Webster's dictionary, the Cadillac has been defined as "the most excellent kind, the most prestigious things" a synonym; was always in pursuit of the ultimate noble known as the Royal Automobile Club in London dubbed "world standard" in the world.
Cadillac emblems, symbols are the concentrated expression of its spiritual connotation, from the Cadillac emblems, symbols in the various stages of development is not difficult to see it change in a unique and pioneering spirit of bold pursuit, Corolla Cadillac emblems, symbols and shields are not permanently change, but distinctive, the Cadillac emblems, symbols since its birth, its Corolla and the shield design in different times continuously present ground-breaking changes in the past century were as high as 30 times. This fully reflects the confidence and courage Cadillac: In the succession of the founders of the Detroit City, the essence of courage and honor, while their products continue to take drastic measures to inject bold and visionary design. The beginning of this century, Cadillac emblem was again marked a refreshing change. The new standard logo colors crisp, clean-cut, the overall background color to platinum, while the Corolla is to retain its original color combinations: yellow and true black form a contrast, a symbol of wisdom and wealth; Shield block from the surface composition of different colors: red symbolizes : Red symbolizes action and the pursuit of innovation and bold, silver and white on behalf of purity, mercy, virtue and satisfaction, blue represents the spirit of heroic knights, the new emblems, symbols sketched out the Cadillac brand again, simultaneous presentation of the classic, distinguished and break the spirit of . Opel Opel car company was founded in 1862, is a founder Adem Aubert (Adam Opel) named. The company's initial production of sewing machines and bicycles. In 1897 began producing automobile ,1923-1924 up to 45M, completed the first assembly line in Germany, production soared. As the production speed is too fast and suffered severe economic difficulties, in 1929 the U.S. General Motors Corporation took the opportunity to buy the Aubert (Opel) Company 80% of the shares are still a subsidiary of American General. Opel logo as a "flash" pictorial, Yu show cars, such as maneuvering, but also show off its achievements in aerodynamics research.
Saab Sweden's Saab (SAAB) Motor Company grew out of the aircraft manufacturing companies, in the mid-40 plant, and in 1947 launched the first level with the leading technology SAAB92 sedan, has been half a century ago. In 1990, the U.S. General Motors Corp. Saab Automobile acquired a 50% stake in the largest holding company, in this powerful economic and technical support, the company is more even more powerful Saab to design many of the SAAB cars ranked the world's Award. Today, Saab Automobile has entered the Chinese auto market, are gradually for citizens to understand. Saab was founded by Scania and Swedish Aircraft Co., Ltd. merged, the former Swedish Aircraft Company abbreviated as SAAB, as soon as a company car logo. Mark the middle of a lion head wearing a crown, the crown symbolizes the noble cars, the lion was a symbol of the Europeans the right to advocate. Half-eagle, half lion monster logo symbolizes a kind of alert, which is popular in southern Sweden as a symbol of the two counties, while the Saab cars and craft production on the origin of here. Designer for the Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reutersward. Saab Automobile re-design of the blue a small disc-shaped, now melt into the SAAB traditional lion body monster serpent eagles in the first coat of arms, as well as "SAAB" logo letters. The overall style consistent and uniform. 2001 car models began using this logo. The new logo is also by the Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reutersward design. Saturn In 1985 a new Saturn division of GM's decision to attempt to develop advanced Saturn sedan in order to resist a large-scale foreign cars into the U.S. market. Division based in Tennessee, Spring Hill City, is the only GM built the company from the inside. The main products are divided into luxury sedan SL, travel SW cars and sport utility vehicles SC. Saturn (Saturn) is the youngest GM's brands, there is no historical baggage back, there are no damage to the traditional scruples in order to market demand as the criterion, innovation is different and traveling light, this is the Saturn vehicle characteristics. Marked by the Saturn trajectory lines, giving a high-tech, new concepts, Macross feeling, implies Saturn advanced automotive technology, design and most times ahead of charm. Daewoo GM Daewoo new company is headquartered in Incheon, Korea, owns and manages three are located in Changwon, South Korea, the mountains and the production plant in Hanoi, Vietnam. In addition, in the newly named South Korea's Daewoo Bupyeong Incheon Motor Company, will provide GM Daewoo vehicle.
GM Daewoo also has in Europe and Puerto Rico and nine overseas branches. The scope of the new company's assets also include South Korea's rich flat in automotive design, engineering, research and development, sales, marketing and administrative departments. Daewoo Motor Company to use the shape of the earth and the flowers are being opened to mark the production of cars using the logo as a trademark. Daewoo logo symbolizes the infinite highway arteries to the future extension of the performance of the Daewoo's future development will; oval behalf of the world, the universe; up the flowers start the family's creativity reflects the challenges of Daewoo awareness; Central 5 blue stripes and the entities among the six white stripes, said that in many areas Daewoo unlimited development potential; blue representing the younger, lively, while the white represents the concerted efforts and spirit of sacrifice. Daewoo logo displayed throughout the family's wisdom, creativity, challenge, at the expense of the entrepreneurial spirit, showing the Daewoo Group's "Confucian" style. U.S. General Motors
Oldsmobile
Oldsmobile from the U.S. auto industry one of the pioneers Ransom. Oz was established in 1897, merged into General Motors in 1908, its predecessor was in 1897 by Ramsay and Frank Clark created Muao Zi Ozzie Motor Company, which is the oldest U.S. manufacturer of small passenger cars. Oldsmobile was the first U.S. automobile production and sales of a large number of enterprises, in order to output-based mid-range cars. The main products are Alero (Alero), Aurora (Dawn), dagger (Cutlass), passion (Intrigue), 88 (Eightyeight), Prince Regent (Regency), silhouette Vihicle vehicle (Silhouette) and so on. Oldsmobile Division of names from "Olds" and "mobile" component. "Olds" Ozzie is the founder's name, "mobile" in English is the meaning of motor vehicles. Oldsmobile logo in the Arrow logo behalf of the company and move forward positive spirit of innovation. Horton Horton is a proud Australian brand. Since 1856 the brand began to use in Australia. Holden was mainly engaged in the manufacture of transport and metallurgy products. In 1918, Holden's first vehicle designed and manufactured for the customer, then gradually involved in automobile manufacturing industry. In 1931, GM Holden in Australia with the company to form a new "universal - Horton Company." In 1936, the company's headquarters in Melbourne and production, service, sales and other departments, began a rapid development of automobile production in Australia.
By 2002, the company annual sales amounted to 5.94 billion Australian dollars, 175,442 vehicles were sold (some imports from the U.S. headquarters), accounting for that year the total number of car sales in Australia 19.3% in the local top. Holden's is marked by a red lion ball round relief, its design inspiration from an ancient legend: Egypt lion scene inspired the Rolling Stones first human invention of the wheel. Today's Holden not only dominate the Australian motor racing, but also to forging a strong engine and is famous for, it would only Red Lion also has more symbolic significance. Vauxhall Vauxhall Motors, in 1903 began manufacturing cars in 1925, General Motors bought the United States, for a subsidiary of GM. Is currently the UK car production in the larger manufacturers.
General Motors Corporation (GM) is the world's largest automaker, has been the global industry sales leader for 77 years. General Motors Corporation was founded in 1908, total of 266,000 employees. GM's global headquarters in Detroit, so far in 35 countries and regions set up an automobile manufacturing business. In 2007, GM sold nearly 9.37 million cars and trucks, General Motors Corporation (General Motors) on June 1, 2009 in New York, filed for bankruptcy protection, which is the largest ever industrial enterprises in a bankruptcy.
General Motors - About General Motors General Motors Corporation (GM) was established in September 16, 1908, created the United States . Since the General Motors Corporation, has joint or merger of the Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet lan, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Corvette and other companies, with Suzuki (Suzuki), Isuzu (Isuzu) and Subaru (Subaru) of the shares. So that the original small company into its division. From 1927 has been the world's largest car companies. Is marked by GM from its English name (GeneralMotorsCorporation) of the first two words of the first letter. GM's after-sales service and parts business to General Motors factory parts and accessories sales, its brands like General Motors, General Motors Performance Parts, GM Goodwrench and AC Delco, General Motors dealers and around the world agent services. The General Motors Powertrain Division is responsible for vehicle engines and transmissions are marketed. Trademarks of General Motors Corporation have adopted various models under the division of the company logo. Division under the company reached more than 20, and employs 266,000 people. GM's global headquarters in Michigan City of Detroit, the car so far around the world in 35 countries and regions set up an automobile manufacturing business. In 2007, GM sold nearly 9.37 million cars and trucks. As of 2007, the Fortune Global 500 company's sales ranking, General Motors ranked fifth.
General Motors - brand
U.S. General Motors Buick (Buick), Daewoo (Daewoo), Chevrolet (Chevrolet), Cadillac (Cadillac), Pontiac (Pontiac), Oldsmobile (Oldsmobile), Opel (Opel) , Vauxhall (Vauxhall), Holden (Holden), Hummer (Hummer), Saab (Saab), GMC, Saturn (Saturn) and so on.
Hummer (Hummer) U.S. company to produce AMG Hummer (Hummer) and known to the world. In 1992, the first civilian Hummer vehicle available, immediately won the favor of many. Today, General Motors has produced the AM General's Hummer
Hummer has been the right to use trademark and production rights, Hummer H2 SUV is GM's first birth of a Hummer. H2 Hummer inherited the tradition of military style, but also gives it some modern rhythms. First, you look it from all angles is unmistakable is that a Hummer off-road vehicles, especially front-face highlights the Hummer features. Hummer logo is its English name (HUMMER).
Pontiac
Pontiac cars for the Auckland Division of the original car, by a young Edward. Murphy created, which in 1908 produced a 4-cylinder engine cars, big power, very competitive, which has been rapidly development, and also attracted the attention of Durant, through the talks, in 1909 to join General Motors Corporation, 1932 Pontiac car division was officially used the name and trademark. Text from the United States Pontiac, Michigan, a place names, in 1909 joined the United States General Motors Corporation, Pontiac 1932, the official use of the car trademark. Buick May 19, 1903, David Buick (David Buick) in the Briscoe Shidi help create a Buick Motor Company. Its production in 1908 reached 8820, ranking the United States first, and to Buick's founding of the center of the General Motors Corporation. Buick Division of General Motors Corporation's second-largest department. Buick cars with big horsepower, personalized, practical and mature character. Buick's trademark logo is three knives, which are arranged to give people a starting point for climbing high and constantly feeling, a symbol of a positive and enterprising spirit of continuous climb. Text Buick is the company founder David Buick's name.
Chevrolet
Chevrolet's international brand heritage descent has been nearly a hundred years. General Motors the world's largest-selling brand, since 1912, the first product launch since the total has so far sold more than 100 million. Its market coverage to 70 countries, had a record sales of a new car every 40 seconds record. 2004 Chevrolet global sales of more than 3.6 million vehicles, accounting for the global automotive sales in the year the total of 5%. As GM's most international and popular brands, Chevrolet has a strong technical and marketing resources. Chevrolet's brand positioning is a popular international automotive brands trusted brand personality are: 1, 2 trustworthy, smart and pragmatic 3, pro-and four-friendly and dynamic. Chevrolet says the pattern of the trademark butterfly knot, text (Chevrolet) is a Swiss racing driver, engineer Louis Chevrolet's name.
General Motors Cadillac In 1902, Cadillac was born in the city known as the Detroit American car. 100 years, Cadillac has created in the automotive industry, numerous first, creating countless industry standard for luxury cars; can be said to represent the United States the history of Cadillac luxury cars in history. All along, the Cadillac had been regarded as a sign of the U.S. luxury car is a different historical era of the United States marked the success of successful people are heads of state, dignitaries and celebrities, the preferred car. In the Webster's dictionary, the Cadillac has been defined as "the most excellent kind, the most prestigious things" a synonym; was always in pursuit of the ultimate noble known as the Royal Automobile Club in London dubbed "world standard" in the world.
Cadillac emblems, symbols are the concentrated expression of its spiritual connotation, from the Cadillac emblems, symbols in the various stages of development is not difficult to see it change in a unique and pioneering spirit of bold pursuit, Corolla Cadillac emblems, symbols and shields are not permanently change, but distinctive, the Cadillac emblems, symbols since its birth, its Corolla and the shield design in different times continuously present ground-breaking changes in the past century were as high as 30 times. This fully reflects the confidence and courage Cadillac: In the succession of the founders of the Detroit City, the essence of courage and honor, while their products continue to take drastic measures to inject bold and visionary design. The beginning of this century, Cadillac emblem was again marked a refreshing change. The new standard logo colors crisp, clean-cut, the overall background color to platinum, while the Corolla is to retain its original color combinations: yellow and true black form a contrast, a symbol of wisdom and wealth; Shield block from the surface composition of different colors: red symbolizes : Red symbolizes action and the pursuit of innovation and bold, silver and white on behalf of purity, mercy, virtue and satisfaction, blue represents the spirit of heroic knights, the new emblems, symbols sketched out the Cadillac brand again, simultaneous presentation of the classic, distinguished and break the spirit of . Opel Opel car company was founded in 1862, is a founder Adem Aubert (Adam Opel) named. The company's initial production of sewing machines and bicycles. In 1897 began producing automobile ,1923-1924 up to 45M, completed the first assembly line in Germany, production soared. As the production speed is too fast and suffered severe economic difficulties, in 1929 the U.S. General Motors Corporation took the opportunity to buy the Aubert (Opel) Company 80% of the shares are still a subsidiary of American General. Opel logo as a "flash" pictorial, Yu show cars, such as maneuvering, but also show off its achievements in aerodynamics research.
Saab Sweden's Saab (SAAB) Motor Company grew out of the aircraft manufacturing companies, in the mid-40 plant, and in 1947 launched the first level with the leading technology SAAB92 sedan, has been half a century ago. In 1990, the U.S. General Motors Corp. Saab Automobile acquired a 50% stake in the largest holding company, in this powerful economic and technical support, the company is more even more powerful Saab to design many of the SAAB cars ranked the world's Award. Today, Saab Automobile has entered the Chinese auto market, are gradually for citizens to understand. Saab was founded by Scania and Swedish Aircraft Co., Ltd. merged, the former Swedish Aircraft Company abbreviated as SAAB, as soon as a company car logo. Mark the middle of a lion head wearing a crown, the crown symbolizes the noble cars, the lion was a symbol of the Europeans the right to advocate. Half-eagle, half lion monster logo symbolizes a kind of alert, which is popular in southern Sweden as a symbol of the two counties, while the Saab cars and craft production on the origin of here. Designer for the Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reutersward. Saab Automobile re-design of the blue a small disc-shaped, now melt into the SAAB traditional lion body monster serpent eagles in the first coat of arms, as well as "SAAB" logo letters. The overall style consistent and uniform. 2001 car models began using this logo. The new logo is also by the Swedish artist Carl Fredrik Reutersward design. Saturn In 1985 a new Saturn division of GM's decision to attempt to develop advanced Saturn sedan in order to resist a large-scale foreign cars into the U.S. market. Division based in Tennessee, Spring Hill City, is the only GM built the company from the inside. The main products are divided into luxury sedan SL, travel SW cars and sport utility vehicles SC. Saturn (Saturn) is the youngest GM's brands, there is no historical baggage back, there are no damage to the traditional scruples in order to market demand as the criterion, innovation is different and traveling light, this is the Saturn vehicle characteristics. Marked by the Saturn trajectory lines, giving a high-tech, new concepts, Macross feeling, implies Saturn advanced automotive technology, design and most times ahead of charm. Daewoo GM Daewoo new company is headquartered in Incheon, Korea, owns and manages three are located in Changwon, South Korea, the mountains and the production plant in Hanoi, Vietnam. In addition, in the newly named South Korea's Daewoo Bupyeong Incheon Motor Company, will provide GM Daewoo vehicle.
GM Daewoo also has in Europe and Puerto Rico and nine overseas branches. The scope of the new company's assets also include South Korea's rich flat in automotive design, engineering, research and development, sales, marketing and administrative departments. Daewoo Motor Company to use the shape of the earth and the flowers are being opened to mark the production of cars using the logo as a trademark. Daewoo logo symbolizes the infinite highway arteries to the future extension of the performance of the Daewoo's future development will; oval behalf of the world, the universe; up the flowers start the family's creativity reflects the challenges of Daewoo awareness; Central 5 blue stripes and the entities among the six white stripes, said that in many areas Daewoo unlimited development potential; blue representing the younger, lively, while the white represents the concerted efforts and spirit of sacrifice. Daewoo logo displayed throughout the family's wisdom, creativity, challenge, at the expense of the entrepreneurial spirit, showing the Daewoo Group's "Confucian" style. U.S. General Motors
Oldsmobile
Oldsmobile from the U.S. auto industry one of the pioneers Ransom. Oz was established in 1897, merged into General Motors in 1908, its predecessor was in 1897 by Ramsay and Frank Clark created Muao Zi Ozzie Motor Company, which is the oldest U.S. manufacturer of small passenger cars. Oldsmobile was the first U.S. automobile production and sales of a large number of enterprises, in order to output-based mid-range cars. The main products are Alero (Alero), Aurora (Dawn), dagger (Cutlass), passion (Intrigue), 88 (Eightyeight), Prince Regent (Regency), silhouette Vihicle vehicle (Silhouette) and so on. Oldsmobile Division of names from "Olds" and "mobile" component. "Olds" Ozzie is the founder's name, "mobile" in English is the meaning of motor vehicles. Oldsmobile logo in the Arrow logo behalf of the company and move forward positive spirit of innovation. Horton Horton is a proud Australian brand. Since 1856 the brand began to use in Australia. Holden was mainly engaged in the manufacture of transport and metallurgy products. In 1918, Holden's first vehicle designed and manufactured for the customer, then gradually involved in automobile manufacturing industry. In 1931, GM Holden in Australia with the company to form a new "universal - Horton Company." In 1936, the company's headquarters in Melbourne and production, service, sales and other departments, began a rapid development of automobile production in Australia.
By 2002, the company annual sales amounted to 5.94 billion Australian dollars, 175,442 vehicles were sold (some imports from the U.S. headquarters), accounting for that year the total number of car sales in Australia 19.3% in the local top. Holden's is marked by a red lion ball round relief, its design inspiration from an ancient legend: Egypt lion scene inspired the Rolling Stones first human invention of the wheel. Today's Holden not only dominate the Australian motor racing, but also to forging a strong engine and is famous for, it would only Red Lion also has more symbolic significance. Vauxhall Vauxhall Motors, in 1903 began manufacturing cars in 1925, General Motors bought the United States, for a subsidiary of GM. Is currently the UK car production in the larger manufacturers.
CIT Group
CIT Group-About CIT Group
CIT Group (CIT Group) is a United States bank holding company, with more than 600 billion dollars in financial and leasing assets. 1908 inception, CIT provides loans, consulting and leasing services to small and medium-sized enterprises. The Group is headquartered in New York City, is a Fortune (Fortune) 500 strong company and a member of the S & P 500 constituent stocks. CIT operating CIT Bank is a full-service bank located in Utah, from Utah's financial institutions sector and the FDIC jurisdiction, scope of business over more than 50 countries. The Group's areas of expertise include: corporate finance, trade finance, transportation finance, and vendor financing. As the government aid and debt restructuring fails, November 1, 2009, CIT Group, filed for bankruptcy protection.
CIT Group - History Start at the beginning (1908-1924) A solid start
CIT Group, Henry Ittleson weaken the U.S. economy has experienced two major recession. In 1908, the entire country was in the banking crisis of the mid-term, this is the famous panic of 1907, which is precisely at this time in St. Louis, he signed an agreement to form the new company. Despite the economic turmoil, but Henry Ittleson still looks calm and confidence. 37 years he worked as a textile retailers, law students, real estate brokers are stockbrokers, from which he learned the business community one of the most important truth: credit, there is always a demand. As often said, if the credit is the lifeblood of the economy, then whether it is a recession or in the healthy development of the period, enterprises should need it. Moved to New York By 1914, CIT has joined hands with the bank has established its own line of credit, business development from New York to New Orleans.
In the CIT's customers, production piano, buses, bicycles, furniture and other consumer goods, more and more companies, they generally are the wholesale suppliers. Subsequent years, the St. Louis office location can no longer accommodate the growing volume of business CIT, it moved eastward, New York. Soon, mass production technology makes elephant products like cars and radios have also been included in the average consumer to buy list. In 1916, CIT established the Studebaker automobile company, provides financing to car buyers that they can one-third down payment and then pay the balance within eight months on a monthly basis. This model as well as the Studebaker distributed 4,000 agents throughout the country created a precedent for similar sales model, which covers a very broad. Since the outbreak of World War I, making temporary suspension of the consumer market development. Ittleson become a District of Columbia, Washington, DC munitions sector, "a plan and only modest nominal salary of the people", but this time, CIT for the 150 e-"U-boat destroyer" manufacturing has provided funding. Taking into account the post-war economic recovery, the company also Thomas Edison (Thomas Edison) Limited in consultation consumers to buy radio launched a 12-month installment plan. In the "booming Twenties" With a large number of consumers to purchase new electronic equipment, furniture and cars, the economy has developed rapidly.
CIT hired Arthur O. Dietz responsible for auto financing business. Soon, Dietz will be outside the scope of business to expand into the Studebaker, and Nash (Nash), Packard (McCarthy) and Chrysler (Chrysler) and other auto makers signed a financing agreement. In 1924, CIT merger in Delaware for the first time to sell shares to the public, becoming the first of its kind in the New York Stock Exchange company. The second year, CIT is pleased to see the volume of business more than 148 million U.S. dollars, has recorded more than 26 million U.S. dollars of capital. The economic lifeblood of healthy development than ever before, largely thanks to the timely injection of credit.
CIT Group - Business
The Group's areas of expertise include: corporate finance, trade finance, transportation finance, and vendor financing.
The company's financial management, the Group is loans to small and medium trade-level planning of the top 10 leading companies, total of more than 3,000 customers. Businesses include commercial and industrial, communications, media and entertainment, energy, health care, investment banking services, and small business loans.
The United States in trade finance is the most important factoring services companies, their customers from the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia. CIT's factoring services to thousands of small manufacturers to provide funds, which in turn manufacturers sell their products to those who rely on CIT to obtain the goods flow of small and large retailers. In the Transportation Finance is part of the No. 3 U.S. a great rail train leasing business, with more than 116,000 vehicles, rail train. Is also the world's three largest aircraft financing business, with more than 100 commercial airline customers and more than 300 corporate clients. The supplier financing, the United States ranked No. 1 independent leasing companies, services, business end-users, including small businesses to Fortune 500 companies, the number of up to 500,000.
CIT Group (CIT Group) is a United States bank holding company, with more than 600 billion dollars in financial and leasing assets. 1908 inception, CIT provides loans, consulting and leasing services to small and medium-sized enterprises. The Group is headquartered in New York City, is a Fortune (Fortune) 500 strong company and a member of the S & P 500 constituent stocks. CIT operating CIT Bank is a full-service bank located in Utah, from Utah's financial institutions sector and the FDIC jurisdiction, scope of business over more than 50 countries. The Group's areas of expertise include: corporate finance, trade finance, transportation finance, and vendor financing. As the government aid and debt restructuring fails, November 1, 2009, CIT Group, filed for bankruptcy protection.
CIT Group - History Start at the beginning (1908-1924) A solid start
CIT Group, Henry Ittleson weaken the U.S. economy has experienced two major recession. In 1908, the entire country was in the banking crisis of the mid-term, this is the famous panic of 1907, which is precisely at this time in St. Louis, he signed an agreement to form the new company. Despite the economic turmoil, but Henry Ittleson still looks calm and confidence. 37 years he worked as a textile retailers, law students, real estate brokers are stockbrokers, from which he learned the business community one of the most important truth: credit, there is always a demand. As often said, if the credit is the lifeblood of the economy, then whether it is a recession or in the healthy development of the period, enterprises should need it. Moved to New York By 1914, CIT has joined hands with the bank has established its own line of credit, business development from New York to New Orleans.
In the CIT's customers, production piano, buses, bicycles, furniture and other consumer goods, more and more companies, they generally are the wholesale suppliers. Subsequent years, the St. Louis office location can no longer accommodate the growing volume of business CIT, it moved eastward, New York. Soon, mass production technology makes elephant products like cars and radios have also been included in the average consumer to buy list. In 1916, CIT established the Studebaker automobile company, provides financing to car buyers that they can one-third down payment and then pay the balance within eight months on a monthly basis. This model as well as the Studebaker distributed 4,000 agents throughout the country created a precedent for similar sales model, which covers a very broad. Since the outbreak of World War I, making temporary suspension of the consumer market development. Ittleson become a District of Columbia, Washington, DC munitions sector, "a plan and only modest nominal salary of the people", but this time, CIT for the 150 e-"U-boat destroyer" manufacturing has provided funding. Taking into account the post-war economic recovery, the company also Thomas Edison (Thomas Edison) Limited in consultation consumers to buy radio launched a 12-month installment plan. In the "booming Twenties" With a large number of consumers to purchase new electronic equipment, furniture and cars, the economy has developed rapidly.
CIT hired Arthur O. Dietz responsible for auto financing business. Soon, Dietz will be outside the scope of business to expand into the Studebaker, and Nash (Nash), Packard (McCarthy) and Chrysler (Chrysler) and other auto makers signed a financing agreement. In 1924, CIT merger in Delaware for the first time to sell shares to the public, becoming the first of its kind in the New York Stock Exchange company. The second year, CIT is pleased to see the volume of business more than 148 million U.S. dollars, has recorded more than 26 million U.S. dollars of capital. The economic lifeblood of healthy development than ever before, largely thanks to the timely injection of credit.
CIT Group - Business
The Group's areas of expertise include: corporate finance, trade finance, transportation finance, and vendor financing.
The company's financial management, the Group is loans to small and medium trade-level planning of the top 10 leading companies, total of more than 3,000 customers. Businesses include commercial and industrial, communications, media and entertainment, energy, health care, investment banking services, and small business loans.
The United States in trade finance is the most important factoring services companies, their customers from the United States, Canada, Europe and Asia. CIT's factoring services to thousands of small manufacturers to provide funds, which in turn manufacturers sell their products to those who rely on CIT to obtain the goods flow of small and large retailers. In the Transportation Finance is part of the No. 3 U.S. a great rail train leasing business, with more than 116,000 vehicles, rail train. Is also the world's three largest aircraft financing business, with more than 100 commercial airline customers and more than 300 corporate clients. The supplier financing, the United States ranked No. 1 independent leasing companies, services, business end-users, including small businesses to Fortune 500 companies, the number of up to 500,000.
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