International Division of Labor-what is the International Division of Labor?
The international division of labor - the definition of the international division of laborInternational division of labor refers to the world's countries (regions) between the division of labor, international trade and national (regional) economic basis of the link. It is the development of social productive forces to a certain stage of the product of social division of labor beyond the borders of the result is the socialization of production to the international development trend.
The international division of labor - the emergence and development of international division of labor Created the conditions for the international division of labor International division of labor depends primarily on the occurrence and development on two conditions: First, the socio-economic conditions, including the national science and technology and productivity level of development, domestic market size, the size of the population and socio-economic structure; First, natural conditions, including resources, climate , soil, land area size, etc.. Here, the development of productive forces is to promote international division of labor a decisive factor in the occurrence and development of scientific and technological progress in the international division of labor can be the direct cause of the occurrence and development.
The three stages of the development of international division of labor
(1) 18 century, the first scientific and technological revolution, since the invention of the machine and its application in production, productivity higher than ever before, ever deepening division of labor. The scientific and technological revolution first in Britain, France and other countries, they develop into industrial countries, while the other large countries are at an agricultural country, the country's status of raw materials, which is the formative stages of the capitalist international division of labor.
(2) the late 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the second technological revolution, especially in generators, motors, internal combustion engine and its widely used in the invention, productivity is more improved, more elaborate division of labor. The scientific and technological revolution in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and other countries, other countries in the introduction of technology and machinery and equipment under the impetus of some infrastructure and some light industry and mining industry to some extent, it is still in the primary products to varying degrees supplier status. This is the capitalist international division of labor stage of development.
(3) 20th century, 40's and 50's began the third technological revolution, which led to the birth of a new industrial sectors, such as the synthetic polymer industry, atomic energy industry, electronic industry, aerospace industries. Deepening of the international processing models have a broad impact of the international processing of forms and tend to have undergone tremendous changes in the form of the international processing from the past inter-sector specialization specialization to the direction of rapid development. Following main features: size of different types of products specialization; spare parts and components of specialization; process specialization. Any of a professional well-developed technological advances countries can produce their own all the necessary industrial products. Today's world, a small number of economically developed countries as capital (technology)-intensive industry, the country, the majority of developing countries to become labor-intensive countries, both within and between their respective again to form a more detailed division of labor. This is the capitalist international division of labor further stage of development. In the future, along with the progress of the Fourth scientific and technological revolution, the international division of labor must move forward.
International division of labor - the type of international division of labor
(1) by participating in international division of labor country's natural resources and raw materials supply, production technology and industrial development to the differences in classification, can be divided into three different types of international division of labor form.
① vertical international division of labor The level of economic and technological development are significant differences between countries (eg developed and developing countries) between the international division of labor. Vertical division of labor is the horizontal division of symmetry. It is divided into two kinds. One is that some of the national supply of primary raw materials, while another part of the national supply of manufactured goods division of labor, such as the production of primary products in developing countries, developed countries, the production of industrial products, which are different between countries in different industries and vertical division of labor. Originally a product from raw materials to finished products, shall be subject to multiple processing. The more developed the economy, division of labor the more detailed, more complex products, the higher the level of industrialization, the more the order of product processing. Processing is divided into the initial processing (roughing) and deep-processing (finishing). After only the beginning of processing of primary products, with the repeated processing of final goods into. These two types of primary products and manufactures industrial production process constitute the vertical links of each other markets. Another refers to the same high level of intra-industry technology-intensive products and technology-intensive products with a low degree of international division of labor between, or the process of producing the same product with higher levels of technology-intensive and technology-intensive processes less the international division of labor between processes, which is the same as intra-industry because of the technological gap resulting from the international division of labor. From a historical point of view, the formation of the 19th century international division of labor is a kind of vertical international division of labor. At that time the United Kingdom and a few other countries are industrial countries, the vast majority of developed colonies or semi-colonies to become an agricultural country, industrially advanced countries according to their own needs to force a backward agricultural country division of labor, the formation of industrial countries dominate agricultural country, agricultural country dependent on international division of labor in industrial countries pattern. So far, the industrialized countries import raw materials from developing countries and their exports of manufactured goods remained the case, vertical international division of labor is still between industrialized countries and developing countries form an important division of labor.
② horizontal international division of labor Or close to the same level of economic development of countries (such as the part of developed countries and newly industrialized countries) in industrial products between the production of the international division of labor. Contemporary two-way trade in developed countries is mainly based on the level of type on the basis of international division of labor. The level of division of labor can be divided into the level of intra-industry and inter-industry division of labor. The former is also known as "differentiated products division of labor" refers to the same industry, different manufacturers of the products the same or similar technology, although the extent, but its exterior design, internal quality, specifications, varieties, trademarks, brands or price differences to the resulting in the international division of labor and mutual exchange, which reflects the competitive oligopolies and consumer preference diversity. As science and technology and economic development, within the industrial sector is becoming more specialized production. Division of labor within the department, the product components division of labor, division of labor among a variety of processing technology is getting smaller. The level of division of labor within this sector not only exists in the country, but also widely exist in between. The latter refers to products produced in different industries between the international division of labor and trade. As the developed capitalist countries in industrial development came first, the focus is different from the industrial sector, development of national technical standards and there are differences, therefore, the production of various industrial sectors of the international division of labor is increasingly important. States with its focus on the industrial sector products in exchange for the non-key industrial sector products. Made of the division of labor between industrial production have continuously developed, thus the formation of horizontal international division of labor.
③ mixed international division of labor Mixed international division of labor is the "vertical" and "horizontal" and integrate the international division of labor. Germany is a "mixed type" of the typical representative. Its Third World is "vertical", and to developing countries, imports of raw materials and export manufactured goods, while for developed countries is a "level type". In imports, mainly machinery and equipment and spare parts. Its foreign investment is mainly concentrated in the developed capitalist countries in Western Europe.
(2) The international division of labor by division of labor between industries or industry in the house is divided into:
① international division of labor among industries Between different industrial sectors of the international specialization of production. Before World War II, the international division of labor is basically inter-industry international division of labor is reflected in Asia, Africa, and Latin American countries specialize in the production of mineral raw materials, agricultural raw materials and certain foods, Europe and the United States specializing in the production of manufactured goods.
② international division of labor within an industry The same production between the various sub-sectors within the department of specialization of production. World War II, the third place of science and technology revolution to the contemporary international division of labor had a profound influence on the international division of labor in the form of and trends, great changes have taken place, prominently expressed in the international division of labor in the form of inter-professional from the past to the sector developed rapidly in the direction of professionalization. This is mainly due to technological advances so that the differential between the various industrial sectors of continuously strengthened, not only more diversified product varieties of different specifications, but also the production process is further complicated. This requires use of a variety of specialized equipment and processes to achieve specific technical requirements and product quality requirements, in general, but special equipment needed for the number of small, but requires high precision. Meanwhile, in order to achieve the technology and quality requirements must also be large-scale scientific experiments and research, which requires a lot of research and development spending. In this case, only mass production can be economically beneficial. But these are also the countries with the same limited market and capital equipment, and technical strength of the conflict took place, which promote the countries in the specialization of production within the department to develop rapidly. International division of labor within the industry are mainly three kinds of forms: First, the similar product specifications of different models of specialization. Certain specifications in certain sectors of products of international production specialization, is the department as a form of international division of labor. Second, the parts of specialization. In many countries for other countries produce the final products manufactured parts, components or parts of specialization. At present, this international production specialization in the production of many types of extensive development. Third, the process of specialization. This specialization process is not finished but a specialized production process to complete a product, namely, the completion of certain aspects of the specialization process. To chemical products, for example, some factories specialize in the production semi-finished products, and then transported to the chemical plant in some countries to create a variety of chemical products.
International division of labor - the international division of labor on the world economy and international trade, the impact of First, the international division of labor to promote international trade. International division of labor is the basis for the development of international trade. The internationalization of production specialization not only improve labor productivity, increase the number of goods around the world, but also increased the need for international exchange, thereby contributing to the rapid growth of international trade. Secondly, the international division of labor to the commodity structure of international trade have a major impact. International division of labor not only determines the depth and breadth of international trade development scale and speed, but also to determine the structure and content of international trade. After the first scientific and technological revolution to form the United Kingdom as the center of the international division of labor. During this period, due to large industrial machines and the development, international trade commodity structure appears in a number of new products, such as textiles, shipbuilding, steel and timber products.
The second technological revolution, thus creating a world system of international division of labor, so that further deepening of international division of labor, so that the commodity structure of international trade, corresponding changes have taken place. The first is a substantial increase in grain trade. Secondly, agricultural raw materials and mineral materials, such as cotton, rubber, iron ore, coal and other products of trade expanded. In addition, the machinery, electrical equipment, locomotives and other industrial products in trade has also increased. Occurred after World War II, the third technological revolution, so that the international division of labor further depth and breadth of development, international trade, commodity structure of the resulting new features. This is mainly manifested in the industrial products in international trade, increasing the proportion of new products in large numbers, technology trade has been developing rapidly.
Third, the international division of labor in international trade is also an important impact on the geographical distribution. Geographical distribution of foreign trade around the world with their economic development and its position in the international division of labor inseparable. The first scientific and technological revolution, the United Kingdom as the core international division of labor, so that Britain's dominant position in world trade. Since then, France, Germany, the United States's position in international trade has also improved significantly. After World War II, as the third technological revolution, developed division of labor within the industrial sector to become the dominant form of international division of labor, and thus between the Western industrialized countries has been rapid development of trade, while their trade with developing countries were asked is a downward trend.
Finally, the international division of labor is also an important impact on international trade policy. The state of the international division of labor is the various countries to develop trade policies. The first scientific and technological revolution, the British industry is strong, its products and strong competitiveness, while it needs to be the export of industrial products in exchange for raw materials and food imports, therefore, was to Britain's free trade policies. The United States and Western Europe, the level of industrial development in some countries lag behind the United Kingdom, they are in order to protect their infant industries, they are taken to protect trade policies. The second technological revolution, capitalism, the transition from free competition to the monopoly stage, further deepening of international division of labor, international market competition is more intense in the foreign trade policy, they adopted a capitalist super-protection trade policies. Before the mid-19th century, 70 years, to trade liberalization policies of the dominant trend; 70 after the mid-19th century, the re-emergence of trade protectionism. Western countries, this evolution of trade policy, and it is inseparable from the world's international division of labor in-depth development, and also with other countries in the international division of labor in which closely related to changes in the status.
