Marlboro (Marlboro) is a cigarette brand Marlboro is the world's best-selling cigarette brand.
Marlboro by the British tobacco company Philip Morris manufacturing.
Marlboro History:
Marlboro's name, derived from its original address in the cigarette factory in London, Marlboro Street (Great Marlborough Street). 1902, London-based Philip Morris opened a branch in New York, and brands, including Marlboro sales. In 1924, Marlboro cigarettes were promoted as women, as the slogan "Mild As May".
There is also circulating two versions, the Marlboro brand name is derived from "Man Always Remember Love Because Of Romance Only" the abbreviation of "men because romantic love in mind," and there are fans for the preparation of the corresponding story. During World War II, the brand temporarily stop the supply of the market, when the war ended, the other three brands, including Camel, Lucky Strike and Chesterfield occupy the entire market.
Reckoning in the global consumer, Marlboro (Marlboro) is undoubtedly the best known and most charismatic international brands. From sales, the global average consumption of Marlboro cigarettes per minute up to 1 million on much!
Marlboro cigarettes have been popular around the world in 1854 with one store started in 1908, the brand Marlboro in the form of official registration in the United States, was established in 1919, Philip Morris, and in 1940 announced the closure of a company.
Start early in Marlboro, Marlboro is the positioning of women smoke, the vast majority of consumers are women. Its advertising slogan is: the same as the mild weather in May. However, contrary to expectations, even though the United States every year the number of smokers on the rise, but sales of Marlboro cigarettes has always been mediocre. The white ladies complain about cigarette cigarette holder will be infected with their bright red lipstick, it is unsightly. Thus, Morris cigarette holder into the red. But all this failed to save the fate of Miss Wan Baolu cigarettes. Morris finally stopped production in the early 1940s, Marlboro cigarettes.
After World War II, the United States continue to increase the number of smokers, Marlboro to the latest re-introduction of filter cigarettes cigarette market and introduced Ms. move back three series: a stripped-down, white with a red filter and the advertising slogan is "with your lips and fingertips match "kind. When the U.S. cigarette consumption reached 382 billion a year, the average consumer to smoke as much as 2262, but Marlboro's market remains poor, few people pumping Marlboro smokers, even people who know this brand extremely limited.
Thursday, December 29, 2011
Miss Sixty Information
Miss Sixty Information:
Miss sixty jeans from Italy, sexy fashion brand. Miss sixty is the actress who favorite clothing brands, and also the minds of many young women dream of the perfect sexy pointer.
Miss sixty Founder: Wichy Hassan
Miss sixty Designer: Wichy Hassan
Miss sixty birthplace: Italy
Miss sixty Year established: 1991
Product lines: women's fashion, jeans, children's clothing, underwear, footwear, accessories, eyewear, handbags
Miss sixty
Miss sixty Department of columns: Basic, Fashion
Miss Sixty is full of creativity and imagination with its unique design quickly swept the world. If you are constantly in pursuit of innovation and change in personal style, choose the Miss Sixty, she will give you a wonderful feeling fantastic.
Miss Sixty denim jeans in the world series is a classic. This is reflected in four aspects: style, fabric, wash and detail. Jeans out style that perfectly wrapped in the soft curves of women, dressed up and very comfortable fit. Italy imported fabrics durable and not easily deformed. Classic, chic, the washing effect of different styles to bring retro fashion sense, more use of hand-hand, so that each pair of jeans is unique. There's all kinds of elaborate detail, down to the suture, and both reflect the Miss Sixty perfect design style.
ENERGIE is Miss sixty Inc's unique brand of men, and Diesel, Replay jeans tied climax three Italian brands. In Paris, Galeries Lafayette department stores and even such a large department store in Paris in the spring, ENERGIE usually occupy the men's department of sports and leisure class large sites.
ENERGIE entrance hall design is very cool, you can see the streamlined level, oddly shaped chairs, fluffy carpet and the same brand of cool posters plane. Energie brand style, tough, a large number of military elements and combines retro style, the perfect blend of elegance and tough different temperaments, with climax materials with a perfect process, adding gentle temperament, in essence, that a play or conflict. Worldwide by the fanatical pursuit. In recent years, the main push is heib several powerhouse.
Miss sixty jeans from Italy, sexy fashion brand. Miss sixty is the actress who favorite clothing brands, and also the minds of many young women dream of the perfect sexy pointer.
Miss sixty Founder: Wichy Hassan
Miss sixty Designer: Wichy Hassan
Miss sixty birthplace: Italy
Miss sixty Year established: 1991
Product lines: women's fashion, jeans, children's clothing, underwear, footwear, accessories, eyewear, handbags
Miss sixty
Miss sixty Department of columns: Basic, Fashion
Miss Sixty is full of creativity and imagination with its unique design quickly swept the world. If you are constantly in pursuit of innovation and change in personal style, choose the Miss Sixty, she will give you a wonderful feeling fantastic.
Miss Sixty denim jeans in the world series is a classic. This is reflected in four aspects: style, fabric, wash and detail. Jeans out style that perfectly wrapped in the soft curves of women, dressed up and very comfortable fit. Italy imported fabrics durable and not easily deformed. Classic, chic, the washing effect of different styles to bring retro fashion sense, more use of hand-hand, so that each pair of jeans is unique. There's all kinds of elaborate detail, down to the suture, and both reflect the Miss Sixty perfect design style.
ENERGIE is Miss sixty Inc's unique brand of men, and Diesel, Replay jeans tied climax three Italian brands. In Paris, Galeries Lafayette department stores and even such a large department store in Paris in the spring, ENERGIE usually occupy the men's department of sports and leisure class large sites.
ENERGIE entrance hall design is very cool, you can see the streamlined level, oddly shaped chairs, fluffy carpet and the same brand of cool posters plane. Energie brand style, tough, a large number of military elements and combines retro style, the perfect blend of elegance and tough different temperaments, with climax materials with a perfect process, adding gentle temperament, in essence, that a play or conflict. Worldwide by the fanatical pursuit. In recent years, the main push is heib several powerhouse.
Esprit-Esprit History
ESPRIT Esprit Holdings Limited is a subsidiary of a fashion brand, ESPRIT was established in 1964, in San Francisco, California, USA, ESPRIT brand logo design in 1979.
Esprit-Esprit History:
The late 1960s, Esprit was founded in California, it is the Beatles song of love and ideals, and Wood, Bristol Festival of the popular culture of the era, and then stick to their Esprit lifestyle concept for understanding. Esprit designed to withstand the test of the product, and create space for the sale of these products, to encourage customers to develop their own style, rather than consumption spending. But what they desire in the customers every day different and unrest, still stick to their beliefs.
Machael Ying Esprit Far East is leading the development of people, he thinks everything will not affect the values of the customer premise, both to meet the customer's desire, but also the company's beliefs go to Asia. This way, it seems very easy to go, it is not true, Esprit only dedicated and effective measures with courage and vision to embrace this belief in the job. So, when other companies when marketing was just a mere formality, Esprit has stressed the need for fashion and lifestyle community to be responsible. Esprit to take part in Earth Day campaigns. Earth Day, held annually, aims to raise public awareness about environmental and ecological concerns. Esprit put printed with "green" slogan T-Shirt to wear to their staff; environmental posters put up in the shop, but also to encourage customers to plant trees in the urban areas and carry out cleaning activities. Following the environmental future, Esprit step further, they are the "nature" into the shop. It is spring in the various branches in Asia are filled with a garden atmosphere, the shop put a lot of artificial plants, potted plants, buckets and put on the retail shelf next to the trolleys. Summer, it is a healthy lifestyle from the start, they used a poster saying: "An apple a day, the doctor away from me." Staff happily munching fruit, as if to say: Esprit pay more attention to health.
Sale season days, Esprit will display all the old props were dumped on a layer of mineral oil, or covered with net-colored cotton, the move to the customer to Esprit is the feeling of an oasis in the desert, making it the buzz of scene in both the business and it seems to do the exclusive comfort, this is a cycle of artistic respect and understanding. Esprit's interior display to promote the main course, but they are attention to the promotion of human values. In their print ads in a series of photographer's image, the desire to tell you that these are the true story. Early advertising their bold graphic design is to stimulate the customer, then Esprit soon changed the direction of advertising, to remind customers when they forget to wear to express their views; so Esprit asked: "What would you do to change the world? "a girl armed with a stick said:" I want the best people to judge, not me I can not. "in the campaign, Esprit addition to the above slogan, but also with" all countries should not be returned theirs "and" the decision to have children in each person before on a parenting course for the good "that can conquer the hearts of the words. Emphasis on individual choice and freedom of expression is of the spirit of one of the Esprit, Esprit believe that we can pool their efforts to care for and help solve the world's concerns.
ESPRIT brand style
Esprit in anytime, have given the health of people frankly cheerful image, which is the birthplace of * its sunny color and free and open to the U.S. West Coast cities San Francisco, California is not without relevance, but, this is like Esprit Modern quality of life and self-consistent style of customers to reach consensus.
Thirty years, Esprit products in the fashion industry has been vibrant, lively and cheerful image of the unique and well received by the pursuit of healthy, active life, loved people. Esprit spirit by the combination of three elements: superior product design and manufacturing standards; increasing corporate and brand image; as well as "people"-oriented design.
Esprit-Esprit History:
The late 1960s, Esprit was founded in California, it is the Beatles song of love and ideals, and Wood, Bristol Festival of the popular culture of the era, and then stick to their Esprit lifestyle concept for understanding. Esprit designed to withstand the test of the product, and create space for the sale of these products, to encourage customers to develop their own style, rather than consumption spending. But what they desire in the customers every day different and unrest, still stick to their beliefs.
Machael Ying Esprit Far East is leading the development of people, he thinks everything will not affect the values of the customer premise, both to meet the customer's desire, but also the company's beliefs go to Asia. This way, it seems very easy to go, it is not true, Esprit only dedicated and effective measures with courage and vision to embrace this belief in the job. So, when other companies when marketing was just a mere formality, Esprit has stressed the need for fashion and lifestyle community to be responsible. Esprit to take part in Earth Day campaigns. Earth Day, held annually, aims to raise public awareness about environmental and ecological concerns. Esprit put printed with "green" slogan T-Shirt to wear to their staff; environmental posters put up in the shop, but also to encourage customers to plant trees in the urban areas and carry out cleaning activities. Following the environmental future, Esprit step further, they are the "nature" into the shop. It is spring in the various branches in Asia are filled with a garden atmosphere, the shop put a lot of artificial plants, potted plants, buckets and put on the retail shelf next to the trolleys. Summer, it is a healthy lifestyle from the start, they used a poster saying: "An apple a day, the doctor away from me." Staff happily munching fruit, as if to say: Esprit pay more attention to health.
Sale season days, Esprit will display all the old props were dumped on a layer of mineral oil, or covered with net-colored cotton, the move to the customer to Esprit is the feeling of an oasis in the desert, making it the buzz of scene in both the business and it seems to do the exclusive comfort, this is a cycle of artistic respect and understanding. Esprit's interior display to promote the main course, but they are attention to the promotion of human values. In their print ads in a series of photographer's image, the desire to tell you that these are the true story. Early advertising their bold graphic design is to stimulate the customer, then Esprit soon changed the direction of advertising, to remind customers when they forget to wear to express their views; so Esprit asked: "What would you do to change the world? "a girl armed with a stick said:" I want the best people to judge, not me I can not. "in the campaign, Esprit addition to the above slogan, but also with" all countries should not be returned theirs "and" the decision to have children in each person before on a parenting course for the good "that can conquer the hearts of the words. Emphasis on individual choice and freedom of expression is of the spirit of one of the Esprit, Esprit believe that we can pool their efforts to care for and help solve the world's concerns.
ESPRIT brand style
Esprit in anytime, have given the health of people frankly cheerful image, which is the birthplace of * its sunny color and free and open to the U.S. West Coast cities San Francisco, California is not without relevance, but, this is like Esprit Modern quality of life and self-consistent style of customers to reach consensus.
Thirty years, Esprit products in the fashion industry has been vibrant, lively and cheerful image of the unique and well received by the pursuit of healthy, active life, loved people. Esprit spirit by the combination of three elements: superior product design and manufacturing standards; increasing corporate and brand image; as well as "people"-oriented design.
Diesel /GUESS history
Diesel /GUESS history-About Diesel/GUESS
DIESEL is an Italian brand of casual, DIESEL Since its inception, also put ads in the social, cultural and social issues of the level. DIESEL founder and president Renzo Rosso, was set up before DIESEL, is designed for the Italian royal family, sewing jeans fit fine master. Seventies, the world is facing a serious energy crisis, diesel (English Diesel) energy into the star was hot, so Renzo Rosso will launch this in the name of casual wear for men and women.
Today, founded in 1981, GUESS mark has become the world's most popular, most influential brands, though she is the brand from the United States, but the designer has two brothers from a romantic country - - France. GUESS clothing in the United States in both the wild and the American cowboy sexy at the same time rubbing and European romantic atmosphere. GUESS jeans is the main line of classic American style to style starting with an exclusive fashion cut and washing process, while the lower waist, breech has even more personal, denim clothing line has retained more than classic, but also adding some new fashion the concept. GUESS clothing fashion quarterly closely integrated with the preceding paragraph, to fashion the perfect combination of features and clothes, the color change on more clothing in exquisite detail at the manifestation of the more avant-garde design and characteristics of the fabric used to always have a crazy fashion people - - this is GUESS.
Diesel Brand information:
Diesel is intended to "diesel", Diesel founder Lunzuoluosuo (Renzo Rosso) to explain the meaning of the brand: "Diesel the word dapper, called up and sing, although there are customers that we are selling diesel, but it is our jeans the content - dynamic, vibrant. "
Diesel is a famous Italian fashion denim brand by Renzo Ross was founded in 1978, and the Italian fashion company, "talented group" (Genius) its 14 brands. Diesel was also but a second-tier brands, worth $ 7,000,000. Genius Group has Katherine Hamnett, Martin Guy, Ten Big Boys and other popular brands.
The vitality of the original Diese concept is not so easy to accept, Diesel landmark full of holes, stains, do the old hand-rinse jeans always been Dirty quality of customer complaints - they mistakenly thought it was a defective product. 30 years later, Diesel brand as a symbol of the most sexy, like Di Diesel brand of race fans around the world. In 2008, Diesel30 anniversary held in 17 cities around the world non-stop Party twenty-four hours of "Diesel xXx" theme events, and introduced "Dirty Thirty" limited edition jeans. Today, Diese this dynamic brand in the world more than 200 stores, with annual sales of approximately $ 1.2 billion.
DIESEL is an Italian brand of casual, DIESEL Since its inception, also put ads in the social, cultural and social issues of the level. DIESEL founder and president Renzo Rosso, was set up before DIESEL, is designed for the Italian royal family, sewing jeans fit fine master. Seventies, the world is facing a serious energy crisis, diesel (English Diesel) energy into the star was hot, so Renzo Rosso will launch this in the name of casual wear for men and women.
Today, founded in 1981, GUESS mark has become the world's most popular, most influential brands, though she is the brand from the United States, but the designer has two brothers from a romantic country - - France. GUESS clothing in the United States in both the wild and the American cowboy sexy at the same time rubbing and European romantic atmosphere. GUESS jeans is the main line of classic American style to style starting with an exclusive fashion cut and washing process, while the lower waist, breech has even more personal, denim clothing line has retained more than classic, but also adding some new fashion the concept. GUESS clothing fashion quarterly closely integrated with the preceding paragraph, to fashion the perfect combination of features and clothes, the color change on more clothing in exquisite detail at the manifestation of the more avant-garde design and characteristics of the fabric used to always have a crazy fashion people - - this is GUESS.
Diesel Brand information:
Diesel is intended to "diesel", Diesel founder Lunzuoluosuo (Renzo Rosso) to explain the meaning of the brand: "Diesel the word dapper, called up and sing, although there are customers that we are selling diesel, but it is our jeans the content - dynamic, vibrant. "
Diesel is a famous Italian fashion denim brand by Renzo Ross was founded in 1978, and the Italian fashion company, "talented group" (Genius) its 14 brands. Diesel was also but a second-tier brands, worth $ 7,000,000. Genius Group has Katherine Hamnett, Martin Guy, Ten Big Boys and other popular brands.
The vitality of the original Diese concept is not so easy to accept, Diesel landmark full of holes, stains, do the old hand-rinse jeans always been Dirty quality of customer complaints - they mistakenly thought it was a defective product. 30 years later, Diesel brand as a symbol of the most sexy, like Di Diesel brand of race fans around the world. In 2008, Diesel30 anniversary held in 17 cities around the world non-stop Party twenty-four hours of "Diesel xXx" theme events, and introduced "Dirty Thirty" limited edition jeans. Today, Diese this dynamic brand in the world more than 200 stores, with annual sales of approximately $ 1.2 billion.
Dolce Gabbana History Information
Dolce Gabbana History Information:
DOLCE & GABBANA Founded in 1985, how to define the Dolce & Gabbana world is not easy. DOLCE & GABBANA is full of emotion, tradition, culture and atmosphere of the Mediterranean world. Dolce & Gabbana has become today the most important in the international luxury goods groups. Two founders Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana has always been the company's two brands - Dolce & Gabbana and D & G Dolce & Gabbana creation and design of the source, is committed to balanced development and growth of core business strategy is characterized by the initial advocate. Their boutique headquartered in Milan, with Gucci and Prada and other luxury brands resounding line revitalizing the Italian fashion industry.
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana to create their name into a charm and diversity of the world famous brand. Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana for their sensual and unique style of interpretation and implementation of the globe. Two young designers for young people and young adults from capture inspiration. Two designers favored by Hollywood stars, is their favorite designers; two designers for the design of all of today's rock star clothing, and was awarded the design for the undisputed pioneer.
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana are Madonna, Monica Bellucci, Isabella Rossellini, Kylie Minogue, Victoria Beckham, Angelina Jolie's designer .
Dolce & Gabbana woman is strong woman, self-love and know the subject of love. Dolce & Gabbana woman is an international women, shuttle the world, but do not forget her ancestral roots. Dolce & Gabbana's women do not care to dress extremely sexy tights or under the exposed clothing in a transparent bra, lined with fine white stripes extreme masculine clothing, and with a tie and white shirt or a men's vest, but always wear high heels , walked the pace is very feminine and sexy. Love from Sicily extremely masculine Monochoria hat and worn as a necklace beads first sacraments: either as a manager, wife, mother or lover are suitable for wearing, but what is always feminine. Dolce & Gabbana's men, too, at ease, for their own and wear, a little epicurean taste, great attention to detail, like all non-formulaic things, the pursuit of freedom and success.
DOLCE & GABBANA Designer:
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana
Domenico Dolce, 1958 was born on August 13, the largest island of the Mediterranean island of Sicily near Palermo Polizzi Generosa. He was very young his father began in a small garment factory Saverio fabric selection, cutting, and sewing.
Venetian descent Stefano Gabbana), 1962 年 11 was born March 14 in Milan. He first study graphic design and painting, and later on had a great interest in fashion. Hand in hand to create DOLCE & GABBANA) before brand, two road of life is completely different, until they met in Milan, it led to the birth of the brand DOLCE & GABBANA.
DOLCE & GABBANA Founded in 1985, how to define the Dolce & Gabbana world is not easy. DOLCE & GABBANA is full of emotion, tradition, culture and atmosphere of the Mediterranean world. Dolce & Gabbana has become today the most important in the international luxury goods groups. Two founders Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana has always been the company's two brands - Dolce & Gabbana and D & G Dolce & Gabbana creation and design of the source, is committed to balanced development and growth of core business strategy is characterized by the initial advocate. Their boutique headquartered in Milan, with Gucci and Prada and other luxury brands resounding line revitalizing the Italian fashion industry.
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana to create their name into a charm and diversity of the world famous brand. Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana for their sensual and unique style of interpretation and implementation of the globe. Two young designers for young people and young adults from capture inspiration. Two designers favored by Hollywood stars, is their favorite designers; two designers for the design of all of today's rock star clothing, and was awarded the design for the undisputed pioneer.
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana are Madonna, Monica Bellucci, Isabella Rossellini, Kylie Minogue, Victoria Beckham, Angelina Jolie's designer .
Dolce & Gabbana woman is strong woman, self-love and know the subject of love. Dolce & Gabbana woman is an international women, shuttle the world, but do not forget her ancestral roots. Dolce & Gabbana's women do not care to dress extremely sexy tights or under the exposed clothing in a transparent bra, lined with fine white stripes extreme masculine clothing, and with a tie and white shirt or a men's vest, but always wear high heels , walked the pace is very feminine and sexy. Love from Sicily extremely masculine Monochoria hat and worn as a necklace beads first sacraments: either as a manager, wife, mother or lover are suitable for wearing, but what is always feminine. Dolce & Gabbana's men, too, at ease, for their own and wear, a little epicurean taste, great attention to detail, like all non-formulaic things, the pursuit of freedom and success.
DOLCE & GABBANA Designer:
Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana
Domenico Dolce, 1958 was born on August 13, the largest island of the Mediterranean island of Sicily near Palermo Polizzi Generosa. He was very young his father began in a small garment factory Saverio fabric selection, cutting, and sewing.
Venetian descent Stefano Gabbana), 1962 年 11 was born March 14 in Milan. He first study graphic design and painting, and later on had a great interest in fashion. Hand in hand to create DOLCE & GABBANA) before brand, two road of life is completely different, until they met in Milan, it led to the birth of the brand DOLCE & GABBANA.
YSL-yves saint laurent
YSL-Yves Saint Laurent Information:
YSL / yves saint laurent is a world famous fashion brand, mainly fashion, skin care products, perfumes, bags, accessories, Mr. Yves Saint Laurent, 1936 August 1, born in French North Africa, Algeria, his family was generous, in the growth process lack of access to opportunities for high fashion jewelry, accumulated over time from brewing passion for fashion. Saint Laurent was 17 years old and go alone to the fashion capital of Paris to study art, and soon after transferred to the field of painting clothes. At 18, he's winning the fashion design contest winner, referral to Christian Dior's been working as Dior's deputy.
YSL / yves saint laurent is a world famous fashion brand, mainly fashion, skin care products, perfumes, bags, accessories, Mr. Yves Saint Laurent, 1936 August 1, born in French North Africa, Algeria, his family was generous, in the growth process lack of access to opportunities for high fashion jewelry, accumulated over time from brewing passion for fashion. Saint Laurent was 17 years old and go alone to the fashion capital of Paris to study art, and soon after transferred to the field of painting clothes. At 18, he's winning the fashion design contest winner, referral to Christian Dior's been working as Dior's deputy.
YSL /yves saint laurent brand history:
YSL yves saint laurent 1936 founder was born in Algeria, 21 years old any fashion houses Dior's chief designer, but did not last long, as Dior's old customers that Yves - Saint-Laurent too radical in 1960, he was fried squid. In Paris in 1962 to establish his own company. • St. Laurent both avant-garde and classical design, model no bra fashion show Baotou was his open rebellion. St. Laurent • good at adjusting the body size of the defect, often artistic, cultural and other diversity factors into the fashion design, drawing sharp and rich in inspiration, haute couture, such as works of art from start to finish and strive to perfect camel. YSL's flagship product is the high fashion, the service is the world's only several thousand of the rich, luxurious materials, processing and attention, is expensive, is unacceptable to ordinary people.
Saint Laurent broke taboos with its avant-garde spirit of the Yves Saint Laurent brand into a peak in the 1970s, and he began to get involved in perfume, cosmetics and other fields. In 1964, Yves Saint Laurent launched its first letter in the name of Y, women's perfume named, YSL and perfume from brands become attached. Yves Saint Laurent perfume original philosophy, clear distinction between the consumer's unique personality and lifestyle, personalized perfume is typical. But their names are highly controversial, such as the oriental opium perfume, Paris, the French romantic champagne perfume, champagne perfume by French traders and even the accused, not only losing money, but also to change the name. One popular Yves Saint Laurent Opium (YSL Opium) is Yves Saint Laurent in 1977, traveling to China to launch perfume, he was deeply moved by the Chinese culture, inspired from the shape of snuff bottles, brewing the subtle fragrance floating, rich in the East mystery of YSL Opium, which is the traditional name of the perfume first time, the introduction of world-sensation, has continued to hold the perfume world ranking; YSL Kouros perfume gift masculine, healthy atmosphere; YSL Paris perfume tells the fashion capital of Paris and Paris, the gentle and romantic woman; YSL Jazz came out in 1988 male fragrance is like jazz-like flow drag on the world city, showing the style of freedom and optimism.
Yves Saint Laurent perfume mainly are: Left Bank (RiveGauche1971), opium (Opium1977), Paris (Paris1983), Champagne (Champagne1993) male perfume are: Yves Saint Laurent (YSLPourHomme1971), Kouros (1981), Jazz (Jazz1988), opium male fragrance.
YSL yves saint laurent 1936 founder was born in Algeria, 21 years old any fashion houses Dior's chief designer, but did not last long, as Dior's old customers that Yves - Saint-Laurent too radical in 1960, he was fried squid. In Paris in 1962 to establish his own company. • St. Laurent both avant-garde and classical design, model no bra fashion show Baotou was his open rebellion. St. Laurent • good at adjusting the body size of the defect, often artistic, cultural and other diversity factors into the fashion design, drawing sharp and rich in inspiration, haute couture, such as works of art from start to finish and strive to perfect camel. YSL's flagship product is the high fashion, the service is the world's only several thousand of the rich, luxurious materials, processing and attention, is expensive, is unacceptable to ordinary people.
Saint Laurent broke taboos with its avant-garde spirit of the Yves Saint Laurent brand into a peak in the 1970s, and he began to get involved in perfume, cosmetics and other fields. In 1964, Yves Saint Laurent launched its first letter in the name of Y, women's perfume named, YSL and perfume from brands become attached. Yves Saint Laurent perfume original philosophy, clear distinction between the consumer's unique personality and lifestyle, personalized perfume is typical. But their names are highly controversial, such as the oriental opium perfume, Paris, the French romantic champagne perfume, champagne perfume by French traders and even the accused, not only losing money, but also to change the name. One popular Yves Saint Laurent Opium (YSL Opium) is Yves Saint Laurent in 1977, traveling to China to launch perfume, he was deeply moved by the Chinese culture, inspired from the shape of snuff bottles, brewing the subtle fragrance floating, rich in the East mystery of YSL Opium, which is the traditional name of the perfume first time, the introduction of world-sensation, has continued to hold the perfume world ranking; YSL Kouros perfume gift masculine, healthy atmosphere; YSL Paris perfume tells the fashion capital of Paris and Paris, the gentle and romantic woman; YSL Jazz came out in 1988 male fragrance is like jazz-like flow drag on the world city, showing the style of freedom and optimism.
Yves Saint Laurent perfume mainly are: Left Bank (RiveGauche1971), opium (Opium1977), Paris (Paris1983), Champagne (Champagne1993) male perfume are: Yves Saint Laurent (YSLPourHomme1971), Kouros (1981), Jazz (Jazz1988), opium male fragrance.
HUGO BOSS History-BOSS
HUGO BOSS History/HUGO BOSS/ BOSS historical background:
In 1923, Hugo boss in a small town in Germany, opened his own garment factory, producing men's clothes, soon to sophisticated and professional reputations. 70 years later, HUGO BOSS this year a small family business has grown to a climax in the Kingdom of fashion brand, HUGO BOSS), which owns senior men and women clothing, footwear, leather goods, watches, eyewear and fragrances, and many other products in more than 100 countries to set up more than 5,000 stores, and has been its taste, quality, stylish and luxurious temperament and highly respected.
In the early days of HUGO BOSS, HUGO BOSS products is limited to men's clothes, sweater, raincoats, uniforms and so on. To the Boss (HUGO BOSS) the family's third generation, that in the early 1960s, Boston began to actively expand the international business company, and continue to broaden the complete brand line has grown to include a men's, women's, women clothing, shoes bags, perfumes, glasses and other accessories of the world's top fashion brands. After 70 years of wind and rain, Boss (HUGO BOSS) has been advocating the philosophy of the brand: "To create a professional image of the successful people."
Before 2007, the Boss (HUGO BOSS) had its three brands: Hugo Boss (BOSS), Hugo (HUGO) and the wave Emperor Sali Ni (BALDESSARINI), representing the three different temperament and life of faith. Boss (HUGO BOSS) range of products also follow these three series, whether it is clothing, leather goods, or glasses, are adhering to this classification. Boss is the company's core brands to suit the main office workers. Hugo is particularly keen to reach the men's fashion and design. Baldessarini to taste extraordinary, demanding man as an object (Baldessarini 2004 to 2007 was listed to be replaced by the new Hugo Boss Black, now only remaining brand Baldessarini fragrance products). Boss in the early 1980s into the perfume world.
HUGO BOSS/ BOSS Brand Information:
HUGO BOSS with its men's and men's accessories, men's perfume, ladies perfume, wallets, watches and eyewear accessories and famous. Perfume has always been to France, Italy, famous international brands, but rigorous, meticulous Germans have known has created a so HUGO BOSS: not a bit headstrong, emotional yet subdued.
HUGO BOSS, Germany, the classic brand, Hugo Boss in 1923 by the President single-handedly created the initial production of clothes, waterproof clothing, raincoats and uniforms started. The design is very masculine and image began to calm men's style start to 1972, formal entry into the fashion industry. HUGO BOSS has been advocating the philosophy is: create a professional image for the successful people.
HUGO BOSS's three brands BOSS, HUGO and BALDESSARINI represent three different temperament and life of faith. Whether it is clothing, leather goods, or glasses, are adhering to this classification. After the success of the Kingdom in the clothing, HUGO BOSS in the early 1980s into the perfume world. It's fragrance still follow these three series. BOSS as the name, on behalf of a successful, sophisticated, confident, calm, constant pursuit of higher goals, reflecting the urban lifestyle and look universal mind.
In 1923, Hugo boss in a small town in Germany, opened his own garment factory, producing men's clothes, soon to sophisticated and professional reputations. 70 years later, HUGO BOSS this year a small family business has grown to a climax in the Kingdom of fashion brand, HUGO BOSS), which owns senior men and women clothing, footwear, leather goods, watches, eyewear and fragrances, and many other products in more than 100 countries to set up more than 5,000 stores, and has been its taste, quality, stylish and luxurious temperament and highly respected.
In the early days of HUGO BOSS, HUGO BOSS products is limited to men's clothes, sweater, raincoats, uniforms and so on. To the Boss (HUGO BOSS) the family's third generation, that in the early 1960s, Boston began to actively expand the international business company, and continue to broaden the complete brand line has grown to include a men's, women's, women clothing, shoes bags, perfumes, glasses and other accessories of the world's top fashion brands. After 70 years of wind and rain, Boss (HUGO BOSS) has been advocating the philosophy of the brand: "To create a professional image of the successful people."
Before 2007, the Boss (HUGO BOSS) had its three brands: Hugo Boss (BOSS), Hugo (HUGO) and the wave Emperor Sali Ni (BALDESSARINI), representing the three different temperament and life of faith. Boss (HUGO BOSS) range of products also follow these three series, whether it is clothing, leather goods, or glasses, are adhering to this classification. Boss is the company's core brands to suit the main office workers. Hugo is particularly keen to reach the men's fashion and design. Baldessarini to taste extraordinary, demanding man as an object (Baldessarini 2004 to 2007 was listed to be replaced by the new Hugo Boss Black, now only remaining brand Baldessarini fragrance products). Boss in the early 1980s into the perfume world.
HUGO BOSS/ BOSS Brand Information:
HUGO BOSS with its men's and men's accessories, men's perfume, ladies perfume, wallets, watches and eyewear accessories and famous. Perfume has always been to France, Italy, famous international brands, but rigorous, meticulous Germans have known has created a so HUGO BOSS: not a bit headstrong, emotional yet subdued.
HUGO BOSS, Germany, the classic brand, Hugo Boss in 1923 by the President single-handedly created the initial production of clothes, waterproof clothing, raincoats and uniforms started. The design is very masculine and image began to calm men's style start to 1972, formal entry into the fashion industry. HUGO BOSS has been advocating the philosophy is: create a professional image for the successful people.
HUGO BOSS's three brands BOSS, HUGO and BALDESSARINI represent three different temperament and life of faith. Whether it is clothing, leather goods, or glasses, are adhering to this classification. After the success of the Kingdom in the clothing, HUGO BOSS in the early 1980s into the perfume world. It's fragrance still follow these three series. BOSS as the name, on behalf of a successful, sophisticated, confident, calm, constant pursuit of higher goals, reflecting the urban lifestyle and look universal mind.
Alfred Dunhill History-Dunhill Informaton
Alfred Dunhill Informaton-About Dunhill :
Dunhill is a men's fashion, as the leading international brands. Dunhill stressed that the combination of modern and traditional, with a heavy taste of Dunhill gentleman indeed very enjoyable fashion. Hundred years ago from the Alfred Dunhill opened his first store started car accessories products to the early 21st century international car races sponsored by, this fearless spirit of adventure through the history of Dunhill whole, and become a Dunhill style and features. The spirit of adventure with a unique understanding of luxury Dunhill created a brilliant today.
Alfred Dunhill Brand:
Alfred Dunhill is a 1893 British men's brand, emphasizing the combination of modern and traditional, with a heavy flavor of Alfred Dunhill gentleman indeed very enjoyable fashion. Hundred years ago from the Alfred Dunhill opened his first store started car accessories products to the twenty-first century international car races sponsored by, this fearless spirit of adventure runs through the whole history of Alfred Dunhill, and become Afred Dunhill style and characteristics. The spirit of adventure with a unique understanding of luxury Alfred Dunhill created a brilliant today.
"Dunhill motorists," the young Afred Dunhill from the name for the company, this great career began in the early twentieth century London. At the time, only a few people drive the way leisure and entertainment, these people are generally the son of wealthy, adventurous nobles, or those rich people and unruly behavior. When the Victorian young racers were finally able to really feel free, the car driving to the extreme, a pleasant, crazy and exciting, the car service for identity became a problem, be equipped with special clothing. The Afred Dunhill is to provide them with the people of this equipment.
Alfred Dunhill has a loyal and valued customer base, they are each a leader in fashion at that time. The list includes: King Alfonso of Spain, Norway, Duke of Kent, Siam (now Thailand) King, King Farouk of Egypt, the Netherlands, Prince Bernhard, Prince of India, and Somerset Maugham, Oliver · Hardy and so on. Almost everyone loved Afred Dunhill perfume, enjoy Afred Dunhill cigars, and hope through Afred Dunhill watches to know the time, with the Afred Dunhill pens and stationery to write to friends and family. Afred Dunhill customers in times of war is the most famous British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. After the war, many stars have joined the Afred Dunhil customer's camp. Today, people can view these celebrity stars in Chartwell favorite products are unique antique style. Afred Dunhill in the United States has made remarkable achievements, Rollagas lighter is the "Elvis Presley" Elvis loved ones.
Alfred Dunhill brand story:
Well-known brands around the world, mostly women in command, count points to men's fashion today as the leading international brand, I must mention the famous British brand, Alfred Dunhill. Alfred Dunhill's history dates back to 1893 England, when only 21 years old, love drag racing, Mr. Alfred Dunhill inherited his father's harness shop business, and spotted the car at each of the heated pursuit, producing a series advanced automotive supplies, and set up the first shop - Dunhill auto parts store (dunhill's Motorities TM).
Alfred Dunhill's first series, including automobile headlights, leather seating sets and clocks and watches. At that time, Alfred Dunhill has threatened to provide all car peripheral products, and specialty stores also increased from initially only sell auto parts to other motorists was essential things, such as travel bags, suitcases, leather, cigarette lighters and car speakers, business a day than the day strong. Today, more than a hundred years of history, Alfred Dunhill men's clothing and a senior product specialist, to take care of men's everyday needs, from clothing, writing instruments, leather goods as well as cigarettes, perfume, Alfred Dunhill are single-handedly. Alfred Dunhill has always adhere to the innovative design, with excellent materials and delicate hand to complete their products. Alfred Dunhill's traditional image of the British gentleman who won the love of government and business, including royalty, celebrities, such as the Duke of Windsor and the United States international superstar Elvis Elvis Presley.
Dunhill is a men's fashion, as the leading international brands. Dunhill stressed that the combination of modern and traditional, with a heavy taste of Dunhill gentleman indeed very enjoyable fashion. Hundred years ago from the Alfred Dunhill opened his first store started car accessories products to the early 21st century international car races sponsored by, this fearless spirit of adventure through the history of Dunhill whole, and become a Dunhill style and features. The spirit of adventure with a unique understanding of luxury Dunhill created a brilliant today.
Alfred Dunhill Brand:
Alfred Dunhill is a 1893 British men's brand, emphasizing the combination of modern and traditional, with a heavy flavor of Alfred Dunhill gentleman indeed very enjoyable fashion. Hundred years ago from the Alfred Dunhill opened his first store started car accessories products to the twenty-first century international car races sponsored by, this fearless spirit of adventure runs through the whole history of Alfred Dunhill, and become Afred Dunhill style and characteristics. The spirit of adventure with a unique understanding of luxury Alfred Dunhill created a brilliant today.
"Dunhill motorists," the young Afred Dunhill from the name for the company, this great career began in the early twentieth century London. At the time, only a few people drive the way leisure and entertainment, these people are generally the son of wealthy, adventurous nobles, or those rich people and unruly behavior. When the Victorian young racers were finally able to really feel free, the car driving to the extreme, a pleasant, crazy and exciting, the car service for identity became a problem, be equipped with special clothing. The Afred Dunhill is to provide them with the people of this equipment.
Alfred Dunhill has a loyal and valued customer base, they are each a leader in fashion at that time. The list includes: King Alfonso of Spain, Norway, Duke of Kent, Siam (now Thailand) King, King Farouk of Egypt, the Netherlands, Prince Bernhard, Prince of India, and Somerset Maugham, Oliver · Hardy and so on. Almost everyone loved Afred Dunhill perfume, enjoy Afred Dunhill cigars, and hope through Afred Dunhill watches to know the time, with the Afred Dunhill pens and stationery to write to friends and family. Afred Dunhill customers in times of war is the most famous British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. After the war, many stars have joined the Afred Dunhil customer's camp. Today, people can view these celebrity stars in Chartwell favorite products are unique antique style. Afred Dunhill in the United States has made remarkable achievements, Rollagas lighter is the "Elvis Presley" Elvis loved ones.
Alfred Dunhill brand story:
Well-known brands around the world, mostly women in command, count points to men's fashion today as the leading international brand, I must mention the famous British brand, Alfred Dunhill. Alfred Dunhill's history dates back to 1893 England, when only 21 years old, love drag racing, Mr. Alfred Dunhill inherited his father's harness shop business, and spotted the car at each of the heated pursuit, producing a series advanced automotive supplies, and set up the first shop - Dunhill auto parts store (dunhill's Motorities TM).
Alfred Dunhill's first series, including automobile headlights, leather seating sets and clocks and watches. At that time, Alfred Dunhill has threatened to provide all car peripheral products, and specialty stores also increased from initially only sell auto parts to other motorists was essential things, such as travel bags, suitcases, leather, cigarette lighters and car speakers, business a day than the day strong. Today, more than a hundred years of history, Alfred Dunhill men's clothing and a senior product specialist, to take care of men's everyday needs, from clothing, writing instruments, leather goods as well as cigarettes, perfume, Alfred Dunhill are single-handedly. Alfred Dunhill has always adhere to the innovative design, with excellent materials and delicate hand to complete their products. Alfred Dunhill's traditional image of the British gentleman who won the love of government and business, including royalty, celebrities, such as the Duke of Windsor and the United States international superstar Elvis Elvis Presley.
Paul Shark Information
Paul Shark Information-Paul Shark History:
PAUL & SHARK brand was create in 1977. PAUL & SHARK its distinctive shark logo apparel, reflecting a free, casual and elegant style. PAUL & SHARK products entirely in Italy, excellent quality and innovative design make the PAUL & SHARK to become the world's leading casual wear brand.
PAUL & SHARK Brand:
PAUL & SHARK product style is simple, comfortable, affordable color, texture and attention to natural fabrics, style is not fancy, in the simple pursuit of continuously into the epidemiological factors and trends, the PAUL & SHARK both the traditional spirit of the brand extension, there are new join the fashion, and thus have enduring vitality, giving the feeling caused by cool elegant, so simple, simple, elegant fashion Liu Yizhuo convey the gentle intellectual, revealing a woman's unique charm.
PAUL & SHARK brand was create in 1977. PAUL & SHARK its distinctive shark logo apparel, reflecting a free, casual and elegant style. PAUL & SHARK products entirely in Italy, excellent quality and innovative design make the PAUL & SHARK to become the world's leading casual wear brand.
PAUL & SHARK Brand:
PAUL & SHARK product style is simple, comfortable, affordable color, texture and attention to natural fabrics, style is not fancy, in the simple pursuit of continuously into the epidemiological factors and trends, the PAUL & SHARK both the traditional spirit of the brand extension, there are new join the fashion, and thus have enduring vitality, giving the feeling caused by cool elegant, so simple, simple, elegant fashion Liu Yizhuo convey the gentle intellectual, revealing a woman's unique charm.
Trussardi information
Trussardi information-Trussardi history:
1910 Trussardi was create in Italy, once special. Tusha Te founded in the glove factory in Bergamo, in the 1970s by his grandson, Nicholas inherited the Trussardi's career to new heights, and started in-depth study of leather, and with the with the changing times, continuously improve and update the texture and style. Further, offering men and women clothing line.
Trussardi casual and jeans (Trussardi sports and Trussardi jeans) has become the contemporary pursuit of quality of life of young people's favor. Nicholas in 1973 to design a symbol of power, elegance, speed and fine Greyhound (greyhound) brand identity, and outline clear and strong leather, high quality and durable style coincide.
1910 Trussardi was create in Italy, once special. Tusha Te founded in the glove factory in Bergamo, in the 1970s by his grandson, Nicholas inherited the Trussardi's career to new heights, and started in-depth study of leather, and with the with the changing times, continuously improve and update the texture and style. Further, offering men and women clothing line.
Trussardi casual and jeans (Trussardi sports and Trussardi jeans) has become the contemporary pursuit of quality of life of young people's favor. Nicholas in 1973 to design a symbol of power, elegance, speed and fine Greyhound (greyhound) brand identity, and outline clear and strong leather, high quality and durable style coincide.
Louis Vuitton History
Louis Vuitton Information-About Louis Vuitton
Louis Vuitton Brand Profile:
Founder: louis vuitton
Louis Vuitton registered: Paris, France
Louis Vuitton designer: Marc Jacobs
Louis Vuitton style: luxury, fine, pay attention to quality, simplicity and innovation.
Louis Vuitton history:
In February 1998, Louis - Vuitton, the world's first flagship store opened in Paris, then London's Bond Street is also the second opening. In the same year in August and September, the third and fourth flagship store in Osaka, Japan and the United States opened in New York. Each store's business scope includes Louis - Vuitton luggage traditional family, Louis - Vuitton new clothing line for men and women come and women shoes.
In 1999, Louis Vuitton at The Landmark, Central, Hong Kong has opened a flagship store, covering two floors, a total of 6600 square meters, equipped with the Louis Vuitton store full line of quality leather goods, including luggage, travel bags, leather handbags, small leather goods, pens, and new men and women fashion and shoes series, also offers private leather customized services. Store interior design theme with the Louis Vuitton has opened all the other four flagship store, a unique blend of tradition and fashion, express a warm and harmonious atmosphere, so that customers feel comfortable shopping. Five flagship store by the famous American architect and interior designer Peter Marino designed, he was responsible for a lot of prominent interior design boutiques, and successfully for over a century of Louis Vuitton's classic style in the design mix into.
Louis Vuitton Brand Profile:
Founder: louis vuitton
Louis Vuitton registered: Paris, France
Louis Vuitton designer: Marc Jacobs
Louis Vuitton style: luxury, fine, pay attention to quality, simplicity and innovation.
Louis Vuitton history:
In February 1998, Louis - Vuitton, the world's first flagship store opened in Paris, then London's Bond Street is also the second opening. In the same year in August and September, the third and fourth flagship store in Osaka, Japan and the United States opened in New York. Each store's business scope includes Louis - Vuitton luggage traditional family, Louis - Vuitton new clothing line for men and women come and women shoes.
In 1999, Louis Vuitton at The Landmark, Central, Hong Kong has opened a flagship store, covering two floors, a total of 6600 square meters, equipped with the Louis Vuitton store full line of quality leather goods, including luggage, travel bags, leather handbags, small leather goods, pens, and new men and women fashion and shoes series, also offers private leather customized services. Store interior design theme with the Louis Vuitton has opened all the other four flagship store, a unique blend of tradition and fashion, express a warm and harmonious atmosphere, so that customers feel comfortable shopping. Five flagship store by the famous American architect and interior designer Peter Marino designed, he was responsible for a lot of prominent interior design boutiques, and successfully for over a century of Louis Vuitton's classic style in the design mix into.
Wednesday, December 28, 2011
Tariff Barriers
Tariff Barriers-what is tariff barriers?
Tariff barriers is a trade barrier .It is use impose high tariffs and import duties of import surcharge approach, to limit and prevent the import of foreign goods as a means. Tariff barriers is a trade barrier .
16-17 century, Europe has the use of tariff barriers to prevent the import of foreign manufactured goods. The 19th century, Europe to counter a large number of industrial products enter the United Kingdom, has the use of tariff barriers to protect domestic industry development. 20th century, the use of the developed capitalist countries tariff barriers, in order to ensure that the domestic monopoly capital for excess profits, and is used to force other countries to make concessions on tariff and trade issues; developing countries sometimes use tariff barriers against other countries of dumping cheap goods .
Tariff barriers is an important international trade barriers, because:
1, the lower the average level of tariffs to cover up the high tariffs on certain commodities. Such as the United States, although the average tariff on industrial products is only 3%, but some tariffs on industrial products was as high as 30% --- 40%.
2, the nominal tariff rates mask the lower tariff rate of effective protection. In the final products and intermediate products are the realities of tariffs, the tariff rate and the effective protection of the nominal protection rate of the final product is different. Japan's tariff's effective tax rate was approximately 2 times the nominal tariff rate -2.5 times. The early 1960s, U.S. imports of pig iron in the name of the rate of 2%, the effective tariff protection rate of 9%; clothing nominal tax rate of 25%, the effective protection rate of 36%.
3, the lower the import tax rate masks the normal high import surcharges. When a country imports, in addition to the normal import duty tax rate published, but when needed, also published by the temporary tax levy part of the collar plus import duties. Purposes or in order to meet balance of payments crisis, or foreign countries in order to prevent dumping of goods, or is a national discrimination policy. Such as the August 15, 1971, the United States in order to reduce imports, to resolve its balance of payments crisis, the implementation of the "new economic policy", announced a 10 percent import surcharge, many countries export significantly affected. Later, the U.S. government in other countries strongly opposed, the abolition of this tax.
4, the implementation of international anti-dumping duties, especially the developed countries to restrict imports commonly used means. Anti-dumping is allowed by WTO member states should take to protect their products and markets as a means, but it is being developed by the abuse. After the 1990s, China became the biggest victim of international anti-dumping, involving an amount of tens of billions of dollars, and some of the Chinese anti-dumping duty imposed by more than 100%. 1993-1994, Mexico, China's top ten classes over four thousand kinds of commodities competing so-called anti-dumping duties imposed 16% -1105%.
5, with the development trend of regional groups, to participate in the customs union tariffs become non-member countries of the means of import restrictions on commodities. Participate in the Customs Union countries, such as the European Economic and Monetary Union, internal free trade, foreign tariffs at a uniform rate.
Tariff barriers in the form:
1.Tariff peaks in the overall tariff level is lower in the case of a few products to maintain high tariffs. After eight rounds of GATT negotiations, WTO members, the average tariff level has dropped significantly, but some members are still many areas to maintain a tariff peak. For example, a country agreed in the Uruguay Round negotiations, a significant reduction in tariffs is also in several industrial sectors, including food, textiles, footwear, leather goods, jewelry, artificial jewelry, ceramics, glass, trucks and rail vehicles, etc. retain tariff peaks, tariff which is 30% ceramic, glass and other glassware tariff was 33.2% to 38% for the 5-20 ton truck load tariff is 20%. Another example is Japan, some products still maintained a relatively high tariff levels. These products include agricultural products, sugar, chocolate desserts (10%), cheese and milk products (22.4-40%), sweet biscuits (18-20.4%), jam (12-34%), smoked salmon (15%), raw material (lead oxide, molten aluminum, nickel). Lower overall tariff level in the case of the high tariffs on certain products of other countries unreasonably impede the normal export of related products, constitute barriers to trade.
2, tariff escalation is a way to set the tariff, which is usually for a particular industry to set a lower tariff imports of raw materials, or even zero tax rates, and increase with depth of processing, a corresponding increase in semi-manufactured goods tariff rates. Tariff escalation to more effectively meet the limit semi-finished products with higher added value and the effect of imports of manufactured goods, is a more common barriers to trade. Tariff escalation in developed and developing countries are present. For example, a State to protect the domestic processing industry or manufacturing, the steel of suitable car tariff rate of 5%, but with the same body parts made of steel, the tax rate is 15%, finished the car tax rate is 30%. This tariff escalation, limiting support the export of goods. Another example is the United States imports, low-grade ceramic products, high tariffs, high-grade ceramic products for low tariffs, the Chinese ceramic exports to the U.S. an obstacle. In addition, the United States with a leather upper area of more than 51% of the total area of upper shoes tariff is 8% lower than the upper area with leather uppers, compared with 51% of the total area of 33%. This kind of irrational tariff structure, making China-related products in the U.S. market in a very competitive disadvantage.
3, the tariff quota (TariffQuotas) refers to a certain number (quota) within the lower tax rate applied to imported products, the amount in excess of the quota applicable to imported products is the higher tax rate. In practice, tariff quota administration and payment of a variety of ways, such as the first collar, tender, auction, administrative allocation. Quotas determined, the process of issuing and management of certain improper practices may result in trade barriers. Administrative allocation, the barriers measures may appear in the following areas:
(1) determine the amount of quota. For example, a WTO members under the quota determined by the amount representing less than its last three years, the average export volume, so the quota constitute barriers to trade.
(2) The quota distribution and management. Lack of transparency in the issuance and management of the quota or the notary, will form a barrier to trade. If a country's tariffs on dairy products, lack of transparency in the amount of management, sometimes even longer in the milk quota granted to business enterprises, resulting in quotas shorting.
In addition, by auction, tender, etc. the process of issuing tariff quota, manipulation or other reasons may also result in barriers to imports of the product measures.
4, the amount of tax (SpecificDuty) is based on the weight of goods, quantity, size, length and area, and other taxable unit of measurement as the standard tariff. Weight which is more commonly used unit of measurement, some countries have adopted the gross weight measurement methods, some countries have adopted the weight measurement method, or the use of "gross for net" and other measurement methods.
The amount of tax calculated from the formula: Tax = volume of goods × Tax amount per unit from
Tariff barriers such as the EU's tariff regulations in 1992, 40 per one hundred liters of champagne ECU levy tariffs. China also beer, oil, photographic film and other imported goods from the amount of tax using the tax standards. The amount of customs duties collected from the characteristics of the simplicity, no need for validation of the specification of goods, quality, price, ease of calculation. The unit tax is fixed, the quality time, inexpensive low-end price of imports of goods and impose the same tariffs on luxury goods, imports of goods detrimental to low-grade, so its protection is relatively large. Lower domestic prices, because of tax is fixed, the relative tax burden increased, is not conducive to imports, strengthening protection. To this end, extensive use of some countries from the amount of customs duties, in particular, is widely used in food, beverage and animal, vegetable oil imports. Approximately 33% of U.S. tariff lines from the column is the amount of tariffs applicable; Norway, the amount of customs duty from 28%. As the exports of developing countries are mostly high grade, much higher than the developing countries should bear the tax burden from the amount of customs duties.
5, ad valorem taxes (AdValoremDuty) is the price of imported goods in accordance with the standard tariff levied. The tax rate expressed as a percentage of the price of goods.
Tariff barriers is a trade barrier .It is use impose high tariffs and import duties of import surcharge approach, to limit and prevent the import of foreign goods as a means. Tariff barriers is a trade barrier .
16-17 century, Europe has the use of tariff barriers to prevent the import of foreign manufactured goods. The 19th century, Europe to counter a large number of industrial products enter the United Kingdom, has the use of tariff barriers to protect domestic industry development. 20th century, the use of the developed capitalist countries tariff barriers, in order to ensure that the domestic monopoly capital for excess profits, and is used to force other countries to make concessions on tariff and trade issues; developing countries sometimes use tariff barriers against other countries of dumping cheap goods .
Tariff barriers is an important international trade barriers, because:
1, the lower the average level of tariffs to cover up the high tariffs on certain commodities. Such as the United States, although the average tariff on industrial products is only 3%, but some tariffs on industrial products was as high as 30% --- 40%.
2, the nominal tariff rates mask the lower tariff rate of effective protection. In the final products and intermediate products are the realities of tariffs, the tariff rate and the effective protection of the nominal protection rate of the final product is different. Japan's tariff's effective tax rate was approximately 2 times the nominal tariff rate -2.5 times. The early 1960s, U.S. imports of pig iron in the name of the rate of 2%, the effective tariff protection rate of 9%; clothing nominal tax rate of 25%, the effective protection rate of 36%.
3, the lower the import tax rate masks the normal high import surcharges. When a country imports, in addition to the normal import duty tax rate published, but when needed, also published by the temporary tax levy part of the collar plus import duties. Purposes or in order to meet balance of payments crisis, or foreign countries in order to prevent dumping of goods, or is a national discrimination policy. Such as the August 15, 1971, the United States in order to reduce imports, to resolve its balance of payments crisis, the implementation of the "new economic policy", announced a 10 percent import surcharge, many countries export significantly affected. Later, the U.S. government in other countries strongly opposed, the abolition of this tax.
4, the implementation of international anti-dumping duties, especially the developed countries to restrict imports commonly used means. Anti-dumping is allowed by WTO member states should take to protect their products and markets as a means, but it is being developed by the abuse. After the 1990s, China became the biggest victim of international anti-dumping, involving an amount of tens of billions of dollars, and some of the Chinese anti-dumping duty imposed by more than 100%. 1993-1994, Mexico, China's top ten classes over four thousand kinds of commodities competing so-called anti-dumping duties imposed 16% -1105%.
5, with the development trend of regional groups, to participate in the customs union tariffs become non-member countries of the means of import restrictions on commodities. Participate in the Customs Union countries, such as the European Economic and Monetary Union, internal free trade, foreign tariffs at a uniform rate.
Tariff barriers in the form:
1.Tariff peaks in the overall tariff level is lower in the case of a few products to maintain high tariffs. After eight rounds of GATT negotiations, WTO members, the average tariff level has dropped significantly, but some members are still many areas to maintain a tariff peak. For example, a country agreed in the Uruguay Round negotiations, a significant reduction in tariffs is also in several industrial sectors, including food, textiles, footwear, leather goods, jewelry, artificial jewelry, ceramics, glass, trucks and rail vehicles, etc. retain tariff peaks, tariff which is 30% ceramic, glass and other glassware tariff was 33.2% to 38% for the 5-20 ton truck load tariff is 20%. Another example is Japan, some products still maintained a relatively high tariff levels. These products include agricultural products, sugar, chocolate desserts (10%), cheese and milk products (22.4-40%), sweet biscuits (18-20.4%), jam (12-34%), smoked salmon (15%), raw material (lead oxide, molten aluminum, nickel). Lower overall tariff level in the case of the high tariffs on certain products of other countries unreasonably impede the normal export of related products, constitute barriers to trade.
2, tariff escalation is a way to set the tariff, which is usually for a particular industry to set a lower tariff imports of raw materials, or even zero tax rates, and increase with depth of processing, a corresponding increase in semi-manufactured goods tariff rates. Tariff escalation to more effectively meet the limit semi-finished products with higher added value and the effect of imports of manufactured goods, is a more common barriers to trade. Tariff escalation in developed and developing countries are present. For example, a State to protect the domestic processing industry or manufacturing, the steel of suitable car tariff rate of 5%, but with the same body parts made of steel, the tax rate is 15%, finished the car tax rate is 30%. This tariff escalation, limiting support the export of goods. Another example is the United States imports, low-grade ceramic products, high tariffs, high-grade ceramic products for low tariffs, the Chinese ceramic exports to the U.S. an obstacle. In addition, the United States with a leather upper area of more than 51% of the total area of upper shoes tariff is 8% lower than the upper area with leather uppers, compared with 51% of the total area of 33%. This kind of irrational tariff structure, making China-related products in the U.S. market in a very competitive disadvantage.
3, the tariff quota (TariffQuotas) refers to a certain number (quota) within the lower tax rate applied to imported products, the amount in excess of the quota applicable to imported products is the higher tax rate. In practice, tariff quota administration and payment of a variety of ways, such as the first collar, tender, auction, administrative allocation. Quotas determined, the process of issuing and management of certain improper practices may result in trade barriers. Administrative allocation, the barriers measures may appear in the following areas:
(1) determine the amount of quota. For example, a WTO members under the quota determined by the amount representing less than its last three years, the average export volume, so the quota constitute barriers to trade.
(2) The quota distribution and management. Lack of transparency in the issuance and management of the quota or the notary, will form a barrier to trade. If a country's tariffs on dairy products, lack of transparency in the amount of management, sometimes even longer in the milk quota granted to business enterprises, resulting in quotas shorting.
In addition, by auction, tender, etc. the process of issuing tariff quota, manipulation or other reasons may also result in barriers to imports of the product measures.
4, the amount of tax (SpecificDuty) is based on the weight of goods, quantity, size, length and area, and other taxable unit of measurement as the standard tariff. Weight which is more commonly used unit of measurement, some countries have adopted the gross weight measurement methods, some countries have adopted the weight measurement method, or the use of "gross for net" and other measurement methods.
The amount of tax calculated from the formula: Tax = volume of goods × Tax amount per unit from
Tariff barriers such as the EU's tariff regulations in 1992, 40 per one hundred liters of champagne ECU levy tariffs. China also beer, oil, photographic film and other imported goods from the amount of tax using the tax standards. The amount of customs duties collected from the characteristics of the simplicity, no need for validation of the specification of goods, quality, price, ease of calculation. The unit tax is fixed, the quality time, inexpensive low-end price of imports of goods and impose the same tariffs on luxury goods, imports of goods detrimental to low-grade, so its protection is relatively large. Lower domestic prices, because of tax is fixed, the relative tax burden increased, is not conducive to imports, strengthening protection. To this end, extensive use of some countries from the amount of customs duties, in particular, is widely used in food, beverage and animal, vegetable oil imports. Approximately 33% of U.S. tariff lines from the column is the amount of tariffs applicable; Norway, the amount of customs duty from 28%. As the exports of developing countries are mostly high grade, much higher than the developing countries should bear the tax burden from the amount of customs duties.
5, ad valorem taxes (AdValoremDuty) is the price of imported goods in accordance with the standard tariff levied. The tax rate expressed as a percentage of the price of goods.
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