Economic World

Investment Fund Market

2012-02-09T19:42:00.000-08:00

Investment Fund Market-What is the investment fund market?

An overview of the investment funds market

The investment fund market is the place of investment fund transactions, it is part of the stock market.

Throughout the development of the investment fund market in the world history can be seen, the investment fund market has been able to become an integral part of the industry financial markets, partly because of the investment fund as an investment tool inherent features and unique advantages, the other hand, the countries to strengthen the results of the investment fund market regulators. The investment fund market, small to large, from specifications to standardize development has not been easy, there was heavy lessons due to lack of supervision.

The investment fund market is more developed in Britain, America, Japan and other countries no not benefit from the regulatory level of the Fund continue to improve the regulatory level of a large extent depends on the fund the establishment of the regulatory system and the degree of perfection. Due to different national situation, and in which specific conditions and condition of the investment fund market development objectives and requirements, the use of the fund market selection and supervision of the regulatory body means also showed significant differences, which formed a unique practice investment fund market regulatory approach.

Venture Capital Firms

2012-02-09T19:36:00.000-08:00

Venture Capital Firms-What is venture capital firms?

Venture capital firms - an overview:

The risk of investors who risk investment. Venture capital refers to capital investment bears a larger failure of dangerous high-tech development area, to the period after the success of a business investment behavior of high capital gains. Venture capital support in the market economic system is an important means of scientific and technological achievements, and its essence is the success of the project group by investing in a high-risk, high return projects, will be sold or listed to achieve the owner's equity realizable , then not only can compensate for the losses of failed projects, but also enable investors to earn high returns. We usually refer to the risk of investment, specifically refers to the investment activities of those associated with high-tech industrialization phase, referred to as the high-tech venture capital.

Venture capital firms - responsibilities:
In the venture capital market, venture capitalists investment funds to invest in venture companies, and therefore need to be very cautious in order to obtain high profits. And general investors in a dominant position, this stage many of the agreements and legal documents drafted by venture capitalists, lawyers, and lawyers are at a critical position. Its business and responsibilities include:
First, to assist the investor survey Ventures
High-risk venture capital, investors need to do comprehensive investigation of all aspects of understanding, in order to make rational decisions. Understand the scope of the company's history, business, product, the original share capital, management structure, intangible assets, external claims and liabilities and so on. Venture capital returns from the economic point of view will the company survey, but this time the lawyers from a legal perspective to assist in the careful investigation, the projects include: organizational forms and ownership structure; registered capital and funding in place; company managers true; of important personal information management with the company's labor contract and the contract with the previous employer, the main attention to the terms involving trade secrets; report and debts of the company's assets; the company's dealings, contracts and other legal documents; the company has the knowledge the authenticity and legitimacy of property rights; Litigation or arbitration cases; the relevant government approval documents in place. If the company provided false or all kinds of non-standard practices. The lawyers should submit written comments.
Second, to assist investors in commercial negotiations
The role of lawyers in the commercial negotiations can not be ignored, because many legal issues involved need to be resolved immediately, or it may make the terms of the negotiations in violation of our laws invalid, which may be very huge economic losses to the principal. At this time, the lawyer's duty: summary of the relevant legal issues, which can help investors to fully understand the law relating to feeling very sudden and frustrated, and will not in the negotiations; in the negotiations in addition to answer investors, but also legitimate, constructive comments in accordance with the actual situation of the negotiations, and inform both sides of its legal consequences for the client to choose.
Third, review and drafting of relevant legal instruments
Review of legal documents is a venture company to provide the cooperation plan, legal opinions, the new staff agreement, and need a lawyer to draft legal documents generally include legal opinions and investment agreements, one of the most important thing is that the investment agreement, because it is the basis of legal documents for this project, the agreement is complete and accurate, which directly affect the interests of both sides. Generally speaking, the draft investment agreement need to note the following:
An investment agreement is signed and the controlling shareholder of the company rather than risk the company; and because venture capital is not an ordinary way of corporate finance, investment is to get the company's equity, so the investment will affect the company's equity allocation and management of the company, so this The agreement should be signed and not signed and the company and shareholders.
2, the general shareholders' capital contribution in the form of transfer agreement. Venture capital investment in pursuit of high profits, high-risk, between the two sides should carry out a variety of special convention, and should not simply provide the content of the equity transfer agreement.
3, in terms of the agreement, in addition to the company's self-described, the contribution of the basic terms of the amount of return method should also be stated in accordance with the agreement to amend the company charter to strengthen the constraints of the Board of Directors of the Company and other agencies; investors investment, should be sent to enrich management, and specify whether to replace the manager; held by investors in the equity transfer and liquidation when priority; investors to fulfill the obligations of a prerequisite in order to reduce the risk of the investment side.

International Standards on Auditing-ISA

2012-02-09T19:22:00.000-08:00

International Standards on Auditing/ISA-What is the International Standards on Auditing?

International Standards on Auditing is an international professional auditing standards to regulate the financial audit operations. International Standards on Auditing issued by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).Basic elements: the general guidelines of the International Standards on Auditing, field work standards, reporting standards.

A list of the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs)
Objectives and general principles of the division of responsibilities • the ISA 200 Audit of Financial Statements
• ISA 210 Audit engagement letter terms
• the ISA 220R audit quality control
• ISA 230 Audit Documentation Records
• the ISA 240 audit of financial statements, fraud into account the responsibility of the auditors
• ISA 250 Financial statements audit, legal and regulatory considerations
• ISA 260 audit staff and management of communication
Audit plan • ISA 300 Financial statements audit plan
Knowledge of the ISA 310 Enterprise Service
• ISA 315 understanding of the audited entity and its environment and to assess the risk of material misstatement
• the ISA 320 audit to identify and evaluate misstatements to the use of the importance of
• the ISA 330 auditors for the level of risk assessment procedures to be undertaken
Internal control risk assessment and internal controls • the ISA 400
• audit under the ISA 401 computer information systems environment
• audit of the audited entity contracting out the work of service organizations to consider the ISA 402
Audit evidence • ISA 500 Audit evidence
• ISA 501 Audit evidence considerations on special projects
• ISA 505 External Confirmations
• the ISA 510 for the first time to accept the commission, opening balance
Analytical procedures of the ISA 520
• the ISA 530 Audit Sampling and other test methods
• ISA 540 accounting estimates of audit
• the ISA 545 fair value measurement and disclosure of audit
• the ISA 550 to related parties and transactions
• the ISA 560 Subsequent Events
• the ISA 570 to continue operating assumptions
• ISA 580 management authorities a written statement
Use of other post-secondary materials • ISA 600 audit the Group financial statements, and other audit staff
• the ISA 610 internal audit work
• the ISA 620 experts work
Audit conclusions and audit report ISA 700 audit report for financial statements issued
• the ISA 710 compared information
• the ISA 720 on audit of financial statements information
Special kind of independent audit ISA 800 The Auditor's Report on Special Purpose Audit Engagements

International Project Tendering-International Project Bids

2012-02-09T19:14:00.000-08:00

International project tendering/International Project Bids-What is an international project tendering?

The international construction tender is in the international project, the tender invited several or dozens of bidders participate in the bidding competition through the majority of bidders, select one of the most favorable to the bid inviting bidders deal. The tender is a major engineering construction projects in the current international transactions. It is characterized by the owners indicated it intends to contract the project, deadlines, quality requirements, attract or invite some bidders willing to contract and qualified bidders on the contract of the project construction program and requirements for the price of the tender parity deal an economic activity. At present, most countries have developed a tender and regulations for its own characteristics, to harmonize their domestic bidding method, but also the formation of a countries should comply with the mandatory tender requirements. International tender, according to the habits of the country or region to select one representative for a wide range, and the bidding regulations applicable in the region of a country. Such as the World Bank loan project bidding and procurement laws and regulations, tender and regulations of the United Kingdom and France project tendering system.

International Engineering - tendering principles:

International project bidding shall adhere to and implement fair, just, and equal competition, the timely and effective principle, embodied in the following aspects:

(1) the project tender information is released to the public, all bidders have the same understanding of the right and the right to know the bidding information.

(2) the scope and content of the tender project is specific and clear. The tender shall be detailed, accurate description is intended to tender the project, including the scope, content and the specific requirements of the tender shall not be ambiguous.

(3) The tender procedure and rules of the project prior to the public; the bidding process, the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties should be clear, scientific and rational.

(4) the process of bidding, the tender shall not be bidders to negotiate directly; deadline for submitting bids, the bidder has no right to make any changes to tenders. The bidding process is transparent, open, no "secret operations" or the breeding of the possibility of corruption.

(5) Project tender should give priority to the use of open competitive bidding can not use open competitive bidding is required to adopt other tender.

(6) The bidder should be in the price, quality, technology, term, programs, services, reputation, as far as possible to meet the tender requirements.

(7) in the bidding process, the tender should be given to all suppliers and contractors to participate in the bidding to a fair and equal treatment, discrimination shall not be of a different country, the company.

(8) The tender should be taken to strengthen scientific management, in addition to guarantee the bidding in a timely manner, successfully reached out to, but also to ensure that all participants timely access to effective legal remedies when their rights have been violated.

International Engineering - scope of the tender

International project bidding are widely applicable to the public and private procurement, according to the nature of the tender subject of the scope of application of the international bidding, in general, including works, goods (supplies), the three services. Countries and international organizations on the understanding of the works, goods, services, and not the same as defined.

In the international market, national and international organizations usually provide that where government departments, state-owned enterprises and some private companies that impact the public interest purchases are subject to the bidding. The same time, countries and international organizations generally allow purchases under certain circumstances, purchased items such as emergency situations, munitions procurement or involving the security and confidentiality of the project, purchase quantity, the use of tender enough economies of scale, means other than the known choice of products, project or limited number of enterprises projects, bidding can be used for procurement or contract the contractor. Therefore, in the international arena, the scope of compulsory bidding in public procurement, private procurement have a significant impact on the public interest is also compulsory tender.

However, not all the works should be carried out the bidding process, must implement the bidding procurement projects generally have a number of limitations. Countries and international organizations is not entirely consistent with the provisions of the tender specific limits, such as the tendering of the project limits than the general goods and services project bidding limit is much higher, sometimes the central government procurement than other bidding and purchasing control strict, etc. .

International project bidding agent
A. Tender agent
In international bidding activities, hire agency proxy bidding phenomenon is relatively common, you often but also in government procurement agencies, especially in government departments, not the creation of specialized procurement agencies do not have the specialized knowledge and skills of procurement necessary or procurement volume, the amount is too large and complex engineering, economic, technical complexity, self-organized bidding difficult circumstances, the more necessary to employ agency agent.
World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and other financial organizations of its funded projects is forced to implement an agency recognized by it proxy bidding project units according to their demands to hire agencies in tender, you can not get projects loans.
Two. Tender agent
The foreign tenderer wishes to enter the Country tender should be entrusted to the agent of the Country. The bidding agent is generally of the Country's advisory body, such as bidding agent organizations. Its agent, the scope of business is:
(1) to assist foreign bidders to apply for pre-qualification, purchase collar tender documents;
(2) to assist foreign bidders to apply the procedures of import and export of construction machinery and means of subsistence, an application for leave Wang, declare the tariff to apply for tax exemption for transportation; (3) to assist foreign bidders and their local officials and the business community, the financial sector connect, communicate and carry out public relations activities;
(4) to assist foreign bidders entry and exit visas, residence permits, work permits, car driving license;
(5) introduce a partner for foreign companies and to register;
(6) for foreign bidders to provide their own local policy, legal advice and market information, business activity knowledge.
Principal-agent contract
Foreign bidding shall be signed with the location of the project bidding agency to principal-agent contracts, and grant power of attorney. Agency contract shall include: ① The agent's business Fan with and activity areas; ② agent permissions and effective period; ③ The agent costs (generally for the project the price of 3%, the lowest for the 1%, the highest for five %) and payment (installment or a payment to pay agency fees as a precondition of successful bidder, bidders are not successful do not pay agency fees); ④ The terms of the special remuneration (in addition to the agent of dereliction of duty or without good reason not to perform the contract outside regardless of whether the bidder is the successful bidder, to pay special remuneration).

International project bidding - developments:
With the accelerated process of global economic integration, national project bidding system has been a marked uniform trend, and presents many new features, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) within the scope of the world to see, the basic framework of the bidding system does not occur too many changes. States modify, improve the bidding system, is to protect the recruit cast the interests of the parties in the world free trade.
(2) the scope of the bidding continues to expand, no longer limited to traditional single form of works, goods, and services.
(3) International bidders qualified the growing construction technology continues to improve, a new bidder has increasingly become the focus of attention of all parties.
(4) further diversification of the bidding of the legal remedies, but the negotiation, mediation means will be particularly favored.
(5) large-scale application of the means of science and technology, especially computer technology is widely used, has been basically achieved the goal of "paperless office". The parties may easily via the Internet and other bidding activities.
International project bidding - local protection
In international bidding activities in countries on the one hand egalitarian other hand, often from their own national interests, to give domestic bidders certain concessions, made all kinds of restrictions for foreign bidders to enter the market of its own tender, in order to achieve protection their own in this region, and corporate purposes. Restrictions on foreign bidders, there are two ways: ① in the relevant international treaties concluded or acceded to the agreement has declared reservations. For example, the United States and the European Union plus the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement ", the opening up of national public procurement markets to do a lot of reservations. ② through their national legislation, to take the measures of market access, incentives and other aspects to be limited. Such as the U.S. "Buy American Act provisions, bidding more than $ 100,000, in addition to the outside of the following circumstances must purchase a substantial proportion of U.S. products, the tender in the tender document must be under the law instructions given to domestic the margin of preference: ① The United States does not have the product or the product is not much; ② foreign products, low prices, to give a 25% discount on their products, their products are still higher than foreign products.
Bidding in the international context, to protect their products and businesses of this region is an important and sensitive issue in the national bidding system, a popular international practice.

International engineering contracting

2012-02-09T19:00:00.000-08:00

International engineering contracting-What is an international engineering contracting?

International engineering contracting (International Contracting for Construction,) is an integrated business activity and international economic exchanges, is a form of international contractors (companies) to provide its own technology through international bidding, the proposed standard or other consultative approach,, capital, labor, management, equipment and materials, permission, according to the requirements of the foreign project owners (the Employer), its to create projects or engage in other economic activities, the terms of the contract and agreed in advance the fees charged by the international economictechnical cooperation.

International engineering contracting/International Contracting for Construction - scope of business

(A) engineering design

(B) the transfer of technology

(C) machinery and equipment supply and installation

(D) the supply of raw materials and energy

(E) Construction

(F) funds

(7) Acceptance

(H) training of personnel

(I) technical guidance

(10) management

Direct Marketing

2012-02-02T10:52:00.000-08:00

Direct Marketing-What is direct marketing?

Direct marketing is the product of individual needs, the dissemination of personalized products and services, the best channels. U.S. Direct Marketing Association (ADMA), marketing experts will define it as "a place to produce any measurable response can be used one or a deal or the interaction of several advertising media marketing system."

Direct marketing - the origin of
Direct marketing originated in the mail order activities. In 1498, Al publishers set in Venice, Italy, founder of Aldus Manutius published the first printed price list of directories. This generally is considered the first documented mail order activities. 1667, William Lucas in the United Kingdom published the first gardening catalog. Later, the mail order activities in the United States, Italy and Britain made some progress. To 1926, Sherman and Sackheim founded in the United States, the first modern book club - monthly book club (The Book of the Month Club). They began to use the free trial, that is first consumer Jishu, until the consumer no longer order or not payment. This is the first collection after the Jishu traditional way different. This is also the marketers trying to measure customer lifetime value (lifetime customer value) of the first attempt the world's second-largest direct response companies - Wunderman marketing consultant (WCJ) - founder Lester Wunderman said the manufacturer 90 % of the profits from repeat customers, and only 10% of sporadic individual. Reduction in losses of 5% of the old customers will increase by 25% of the profits. Therefore, from a strategic perspective, companies must be clear that he is to focus on the fight for market share, or to maintain or develop customer loyalty. According to experts, is facing fierce competition in the market, to maintain an old customer is looking for a cost of 0.5 times the cost of new customers, and to make a loss of old customers again become new customers that cost is to find a new customer cost of 10 times. How to traditional advertising to get customers to be maintained and converted into loyal customers for direct marketing is an important goal.
Mr. Wunderman in 1967 first proposed the concept of direct marketing. He believes that human society is the direct trading began, that the sale of the classical one (service) mode is the most and can satisfy the needs of the people, rather the industrial revolution brought about by mass production and mass marketing is not consistent with human nature, is immoral.
Especially the fish market at this stage, a large number of traditional advertising media are full of people called the "eyeball economy" is said to have aroused a public outcry, the conditions in today's society, people seek more personalized products and services, no one is willing to accept and others as products and services. This is a lot of marketing, marketing a large number of fatal weaknesses and decay times, the end of the root causes.
While consumer products generally do not trust some time; tired of a lot of advertising is not the time; especially health care products company marketing staff know what to do and to think hard to find when the new marketing, direct marketing operation and should be Health and vitality and adaptability to rapidly swept all Western countries, launched a marketing revolution in twenty-first century. Our nation's health care products drug companies most part accept the use of a direct marketing approach, but not yet used the system. We direct marketing as a primary means of entering the market, can greatly reduce risk.

Direct marketing - forms:Network as an interactive two-way communication channels can be and the media, it can be very convenient for the bridge between enterprises and customers, customers can order and pay directly through the network, businesses can receive the orders through the network to arrange the production, directly Products sent to the customer. Internet-based direct marketing will be more consistent with the concept of direct marketing. This is reflected in the following four areas:
First, direct marketing as an interacting system, with special emphasis on direct marketing and target customers are between the "two-way exchange of information" in order to overcome the traditional marketing in the "one-way information exchange," the way marketers and customers can not communicate between the Achilles' heel. Internet as open and free two-way communication networks, between businesses and customers can direct one to one exchange of information and direct communication, companies can target the needs of customers in production and marketing decision-making, maximize customer satisfaction in demand, improve the efficiency and effectiveness of marketing decisions.
Second, direct marketing activities for each goal, the key is to provide customers with direct response marketers channels, companies can rely on customer feedback to identify shortcomings, for the next direct marketing campaign ready. The Internet easy and fast makes it easy for customers via the Internet to make recommendations directly to the business and purchase requirements, you can also directly access the Internet service. Enterprises can also suggestions from customers, needs and requirements of the service, to identify the lack of business, according to customer demand management, reducing marketing costs.
Third, the direct marketing activities, emphasizing at any time, any place you can achieve the enterprise and customer, "two-way exchange of information." Internet's global and persistent, which makes the customer can at any time, any place direct response to business requests and issues, companies can also use the Internet to achieve low-cost break across space and time constraints of two-way communication with customers, This is because the use of the Internet can be automated all-day communication tools to provide online information, customers can access their own schedule to get any information.
Fourth, the direct marketing activities, the most important feature is the effect of direct marketing activity is measured. The Internet as the most simple and direct communication tool for business can be very convenient when dealing with customers to provide communication support and trading platform to achieve, through database technology and network control technology, companies can easily deal with each customer order and demand, and Customers do not control the size, the amount of purchase, this is because the cost of Internet communication and information processing costs are very low. Thus, through the Internet can be achieved at the lowest possible cost to meet customer needs while understanding customer needs, target market segments, improve marketing efficiency and effectiveness.

Direct marketing - main features:

Difference between direct marketing and other marketing methods, the main features are:

1 choose more accurately target customers

Direct marketing can from the customer list and database information, the selected customers may become their own people as the target customers, and target customers with a single user or a specific business direct exchange of information. So that the target customers accurately targeted communication.

(2) emphasize the relationship with customers

Direct marketing campaign, direct marketing may be based on each customer's different needs and spending habits for targeted marketing activities. This will form one to one with two-way communication between the customer, will work with customers to create and maintain a good relationship. Various studies show that the majority of consumer purchase behavior is a planned purchase. Direct marketers know that customers will not stay at home passively waiting for the arrival of advertising. Therefore, they encourage consumers to always concentrate on the unplanned purchase or impulse buy, as consumers respond immediately to provide all possible convenience.

3 encourage the customer an immediate response

Through the incentive to concentrate on advertising in a particular recipients to take immediate action and to reflect the customer immediately and provide a convenient way possible, people of the immediate implementation of direct communication.

4 covert marketing strategy

Direct marketing strategy is not the conduct of high-profile, so competitors can not easily be detected, even if competitors aware of their marketing strategy will be too late, as advertising and direct marketing sales is the same time.

5 attention to customer lifetime value and long-term communication

Direct marketing to business customers (including end customers, distributors and partners) as the most important corporate resource, by improving customer service and in-depth customer analysis to meet the customer's needs, concerns and help customers achieve lifetime value.Direct marketing - Category:Direct marketing (direct marketing) as part of marketing activities, and modern consumers are becoming increasingly close. On the one hand, the accelerating pace of life in modern society, so that consumers are becoming used to reduce shopping time. On the other hand, information, communication technology, and continuously improve the credit system, the development of direct marketing provides an opportunity.
Now, with the credit instruments and the rapid development of information technology, the form of direct marketing has been an unprecedented development, the form is no longer limited to mail-order activities. With the telephone, television and the Internet and many other media, the emergence of forms of direct marketing has become increasingly diverse, a common form of direct marketing are:
1. Direct mail marketing:Marketing staff to letters, samples or advertising sent directly to the target customer marketing activities. A list of target customers can rent, buy or no competition with other businesses to exchange. Use these lists, they should pay attention to the list of repetition, to avoid two or more products with a mailing sent to the same customers, causing resentment.
2. Catalog marketing:Marketers to target customers mailing list, or available for customers to obtain the directory at any time. The integrated operation of the complete production line mail order store more this way, such as Montgomery Ward • Company (Montgomery Ward), • Sears Roebuck (Sears Roebuck) and so on.
3. Telemarketing:Marketers to target customers by telephone for marketing activities. Phone penetration, especially in the opening 800 free phone so that consumers are more willing to accept this form. Many consumers through telephone inquiries about products or services, and make purchases.
4. Direct response television marketing:Marketing staff through on television about the products, sell products or sponsor a special program, marketing activities. In China, television is the most popular media, television channels are more, many companies have started marketing on television.5. Direct response print media:Direct response print media usually refers to magazines, newspapers and other print media, direct response advertising to do, to encourage the target members of the order by telephone or letter, to achieve the purpose of increasing sales and provide customers with knowledge of other services.6. Direct response radioBroadcast as a direct response to the dominant media can also be used as with other media, so that the customer feedback on the radio. With the broadcasting industry, an increasing number of radio stations, more and more professional the whole, some stations even for a particular segment of small groups or height for the direct marketing targeting those who seek to provide a precise the opportunity.
7. Network Marketing:Marketing staff through the Internet, fax and other electronic means of communication to carry out marketing activities. At present, such as books, computer software and hardware, travel services, etc., have generally started their online marketing business. In addition, marketers also use newspapers, magazines, radio and other media for marketing activities. The types of direct marketing can be a single use, can also be combined with use.

Direct marketing - FeaturesAlthough direct marketing as a marketing idea has long existed, but until the 1980s, people still think it is a method of distribution. It is widely accepted definition of Stan • Rip (Stan Rapp) and Tom • Collins (Tom Collins) by the definition: "Direct marketing is without a store, directly between buyers and sellers to complete transactions in a distribution form . "Although the above definition outlines the basic nature of direct marketing, but the role of direct marketing as more and more widely, it has been difficult to fully summarize the purpose of direct marketing.
Direct marketing and database concern is that each of its consumers and potential consumers. They are based on consumer buying behavior in the past to predict future behavior. This information is processed on an individual as a unit, even tens of thousands of consumers can still use it to carry out the analysis of individual behavior and decision-making. This does not mean that marketing research is outdated, but if you rely only on marketing research information obtained will be made generally applicable to the assumption that consumer behavior, this assumption when applied to individual circumstances, may be wrong. In short, direct marketing stressed that according to the analysis of information about individual decision-making, and finally to maximize customer lifetime value.
Characteristics of direct marketing can be summarized as connectivity, the target, control and continuity.1. Connectivity (interaction) refers to the marketing staff and the linkages between consumers, which includes two meanings: (1) how marketers target consumers on the market to provide responses to stimuli cause. (2) how consumers react. Interaction with consumers, marketers can gain effective control for target-oriented and consumer information and how to keep in touch with the information. Therefore, the four characteristics of direct marketing, the Internet is the centrally located.
2. Goal-oriented (targeting) is the marketing staff select a product or service information received into the process, information has been received income can be purchased product or service to consumers, or likely to become patrons of potential customers, or the majority of potential consumers. Marketing personnel can periodically check the results of the last campaign, in order to obtain more accurate goal-oriented information.
3. Control (control) refers to the management of marketing activities, including setting goals and plans, make budget and assessment. It is a cyclical process, marketers generally based on past results of the control process to develop plans for the future.
4 continuity (continuity) is to retain the existing customer base, to sell them other products and more advanced products. In business, a lot of profit from the existing customer base, so the continuity is very important. Interaction with customers to obtain important data, enabling marketers to better communicate with customers, timely access to their interests and preferences, to understand their views on marketing activities of the past. Although many companies do not realize the importance of continuity, but studies have shown that the product has been purchased re-sale to consumers the cost of attracting new customers only a small part. For example, in the new car market, the cost ratio of the two 1 / 5.
Direct marketing of the above four characteristics are interrelated, and its overall goal is to establish a database to keep old customers and attract new customers, maximize the customer lifetime value. Customer Lifetime Value is the life of an enterprise to bring the customer the total net income, which means that customers remain loyal to the company during the period, will bring the total value of expected future income.

The shortcomings of traditional marketing and direct marketing advantages:Marketing costs related to traditional marketing, advertising media costs, warehousing costs, channel costs, management and marketing costs are very high, and direct marketing to a certain extent, lower cost, and efficiency is improved.1, direct marketing to reduce overall customer costs. Direct marketing aspects of the exclusion of intermediaries increases, thus reducing commodity prices; while allowing the customer does not need to go out shopping can make their time, physical and spiritual cost to almost zero.2, direct marketing emphasis on time efficiency of customer response to the trend. Comparison shopping, modern people are more willing to invest valuable time to work, learning, communication, sports, leisure and other more meaningful things, and direct marketing telephone (or network) ordering, home delivery of benefits to customers shopping offers great convenience.
3, the promotion of network communication technology to promote the development of direct marketing. Media is the key to successful direct marketing. Today, advanced communication facilities, in particular the use of Internet technologies (According to statistics, China has 50 million mobile phones, 100 million fixed telephone; computer ownership in more than 12 million Internet users over 4 million) is to e-shopping has become a trend.
4, the direct response to customer demand for personalized marketing trend. Direct marketing by the manufacturer according to the specific needs of each customer customized products to provide customers with complete satisfaction with the goods. New century calls for direct marketing, but marketing strategy change has economic grounds. The traditional image of the advertising for many companies it is not too specific.
For example, most of the revenue from Coca-Cola 8% of Americans, but Coca-Cola is in the cook billion in television advertising to 100% of the people. This is a reasonable proportion of Coca-Cola tried to find the right ratio. Coca-Cola understand that each client must establish a closer relationship because no one has seen a customer base to buy Coke, every time a single customer.
Traditional advertising is facing a structural crisis. In order not to forget, companies must do more advertising. But only well-known and a good impression is not enough. Statistics show that consumers face every day a 1600 advertising messages. Not surprisingly, he will forget after a while a large part, the other part would be wrong to memory.

Andean Group

2012-02-02T10:38:00.000-08:00

Andean Group-About Andean Group:

Andean Group - Introduction

Andean Group, also known as the Andean Pact, the South American Andes developing regional economic cooperation organization. May 26, 1969, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Secretary Lu Wuguo in Cartagena, Colombia, signed the "Andean regional integration agreements", later known as "Cartagena Agreement", the establishment of the Cartagena Agreement Committee, October 16, 1969 after the Agreement enters into force, renamed the Andean Pact.

February 13, 1973 Venezuela joined the Andean Group. In October 1976, Chile announced its withdrawal, in September 1992, Peru suspended commitment to the economic obligations of the partner countries In 1994 May, five countries have reached in January 1, 1995 into the Andean free trade zone. September 5, 1995, the Andean Group, the seventh meeting of the Presidential Council decided to establish the Andean Integration System. In January 1996, the Peruvian Government announced a comprehensive Jia Ruan Andean Integration System, assume all the obligations of member states. March 9, 1996, and easy for the present name. In April 2006, Venezuela and Colombia by Peru sign free trade agreement with the United States to withdraw from the organization. It is now only Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador four countries. Panama and Mexico for the long-term observers, members of Chile is accepted as a partner, but not full members. Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay as the associated countries. Now Panama is also the intention to join CAN. To July 1, 2007 members of four are: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia. Andean Group, headquartered in Lima, Peru.

Andean Group - Aims

Andean Group's mission is to promote balance and coordination between Member States to develop, the abolition of tariff barriers to ask member states to form a common market, accelerate the economic integration process.

Andean Group - Organization

Andean Group include: Cartagena Agreement Commission, Technical Committee, the Andean Reserve Fund, the Andean Parliament, the Andean Court of Justice, the Andean Development Corporation, Economic and Social Advisory Council and the General Secretariat of the Council of Foreign Ministers.

(1) Presidential Council (formerly known as the 1995 Cartagena Agreement Commission): the highest decision-making body to determine the direction of the integration process of the organization. Once a year.

(2) Council of Foreign Ministers: Foreign ministers from the member states to coordinate member states foreign policy. Meet at least twice a year.

(3) The General Secretariat: replace the original Cartagena Agreement Commission, is the executive body Andean Community, the right to represent Andean integration with other organizational dialogue. Secretary-General elected by the foreign ministers, serving for four years, up for another term. Secretary-General during his tenure, it may not serve as staff, shall not be required to accept any national government and international institutions instructions; if committed a serious error, which may be agreed by all member states to replace.

(4) The Andean Committee: appointed by the Member States presidential plenipotentiary composition. Together with the Council of Foreign Ministers responsible for integration policies, coordination and supervision of the implementation of the policy, and can call other ministers held an enlarged meeting, study and formulate relevant policies.

(5) of the Andean Parliament: October 25, 1979 established the Department Andean advisory body. Each member from the five-member parliamentary factions, a term not exceeding five years. Regular meetings held every year, the headquarters and permanent secretariat based in Lima, Peru.

Andean Group - the main activities:
Before the 1990s• 1979 In May, five heads of state signed the "Cartagena power of attorney", the Andean Group's activities by the economic cooperation extended to the political sphere. September, in the sixth Summit of the Non-Aligned countries issued a joint statement, adhere to the Non-Aligned Movement's fundamental principles. October 5, President or the President signed on behalf of "Panama Minutes" and support the Panama Canal and the U.S. signed a new treaty.
• 1982 April 5 countries on the Falklands conflict between Argentina and Britain issued a joint statement, the full support of A, condemned the European Union to impose economic sanctions on the Arab.• 1983 January Agreement, the Commission decided to set up entrepreneurial Advisory Board and the Labour Advisory Board, members of the private sector to participate in the absorption process of integration. March 1983, the Andean Parliament strongly condemned foreign interference in Central America. In July, the Andean Court was established, whose main task is to mediate disputes and the right to not implement the treaty members of the organization sanctions.
• 1984 In May, the Andean Parliament adopted the "Lima Declaration" that Latin America's external debt by the debtor and creditor countries shared responsibility, requiring the renegotiation of foreign debt in the developed countries on the issue of flexibility and realism. February 1986, five countries identified the active economic ministers' meeting of trade within the region of small outline emergency plan, as modified by the Cartagena Agreement on the principle of negotiations to develop regulations to modify the principles of the common use of foreign capital.
• 1987 In May, five government representatives signed the "Andean Pact modify Protocol", in trade and tariffs, the five countries on a number of "sensitive products" exceptions to tax system, for some products to implement a limited "trade management system . " Requires each member has the right to develop their own foreign policies and decisions of foreign investment in the sector, and foreign-funded enterprises can export rate of profit, replacing the previous restrictions on foreign Resolution No. 24.
• 1988 In July, the Commission sent a delegation to visit Cartagena Agreement member countries to promote the national government to strengthen consultations and coordinate positions, actively and steadily develop regional integration, and to absorb the country's private enterprises to participate in the integration process.• 1989 In May and December, the Andean Group has in Cartagena, Colombia and Ecuador, the Galapagos Islands, held two summit meetings, the statement required by Member States coordinate their positions, to take practical steps to promote integration process development.
• 1990 March, the Cartagena Agreement Commission announced a unified five countries to reduce external tariff, the minimum tariff rate from 110% down to 50%, reduced to 19 categories of taxes by the seven categories. In November, the Fourth Summit of the "La Paz Outline" to determine the five countries on January 1, 1992 a free trade zone of the target.
The 1990s• 1991 In December, the sixth summit meeting approved the five countries on the establishment of free trade agreements, decisions from January 1, 1992 from the implementation of a common external tariff.• 1992 In April, Peru and Venezuela broke off diplomatic relations since the 7th summit was postponed indefinitely. In June, the establishment of regional free trade zone plan was delayed, the integrated development of the Andean region is facing a serious crisis. In September, E, glass accept the common external tariff standards, Columbia, Committee elimination of export subsidies. Since 1993, the Andean Group, the Latin American and the world's first free trade zone formed by developing countries, and began to implement a common external tariff (except Peru).
• 1994 in Peru to restore some of its membership. In May, the common external tariff on five countries agreed that from January 1, 1995 from countries outside the region to 11.8% of the average tariff, according to the range of products, tariffs of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of fourth gear. November, the five countries signed a common external tariff agreement, the agreement from February 1, 1995 effective from this point, the Andean Customs Union was established.
• 1996 March 8th summit decided to set up the Andean Community, the establishment of the Andean Integration System, members of the same.• 1997 January 5 meeting of foreign ministers expressed support for Peru, the "hostage" position. April 6 months, as with other members of Peru's trade deficit between the serious and common tariffs, and other members of the divergence, once announced its withdrawal from Andean. Negotiated after the issue of mutual tariff concessions made, secret "out of storm" temporarily subsided. August 1, Andean Community started operating.
• 1999 In May, the 11th Summit of the latest in 2005, establishing a common market goals, decided to gradually implement a common foreign policy.
21st Century• 2000 the 12th Summit reaffirmed at the end of 2005 to establish the Andean Common Market integration of development goals, decided to establish anti-drug, anti-corruption, security and trust mechanisms in areas such as democracy, the implementation of a common foreign policy, the development of the implementation of social development specific action plans.
• 2001, the 13th summit meeting decided to intensify the implementation of the Andean integration agenda, and strive on December 31, 2005 to establish the Andean Common Market, and gradually expand the country between the freedom of movement, from January 1, 2002, the member states mutual recognition of personal identification, no later than December 31, 2005 issued by Andean unified passport; and strive to be completed in January 2002 with the establishment of the Mercosur free trade area negotiations.
• 2002 年 1 30, An ECOWAS Extraordinary Summit held in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Andean five members of president. The meeting mainly discussed the Andean integration process problems, December 31, 2003 introduction of common external tariffs, introduction of the common agricultural policy, and further coordination of foreign policy issues such as agreement. Issued the "Declaration of Santa Cruz."
• 2003 June 14th Summit held at Columbia-based Rama City, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru's First Vice President and President attended the meeting, President Lula of Brazil as a special guest to attend. The meeting mainly discussed how to strengthen the Andean Community and Mercosur in the field of government and economic cooperation, coordination, the two groups in the "Free Trade Area of the Americas," the position of the process and other issues. After signing the "Declaration Ji Lama", decided to accelerate the development of Andean common foreign and security policy, coordination of Member States in the movement of persons, social security, medical insurance and other social policy areas; to strengthen democracy, promote good governance, anti- toxic anti-corruption, eradicate illicit arms trafficking, and promote common development of the entire region

International Chamber of Commerce-ICC

2012-02-02T10:23:00.000-08:00

International Chamber of Commerce/ICC:

International Chamber of Commerce /ICC- Background

October 1919, after the end of World War I, in order to maintain a state of peace between the economic and trade cooperation, strengthen national economic exchanges, led by the French Trade Minister of France, Britain, Belgium and Italy, business leaders, consisting of the four countries delegation to the United States Atlantic City, New Jersey, International Chamber of Commerce set up consultations with the United States matters. Consultation from October 20 onwards, a total of four days, and decided to set up before the end of International Chamber of Commerce.

International Chamber of Commerce's mission is to promote world economic development, promote free enterprise and market economy and prosperity, enhance economic and trade exchanges between members, to help resolve international trade disputes and disputes arise, and to develop the trade, the rules and freight terms and conditions.

International Chamber of Commerce - Introduction

The International Chamber of Commerce Global Business Services (ICC) is the world's most important private trade organization, founded in 1919 and headquartered in Paris. International Chamber of Commerce aims: the economic and legal areas, with effective action to promote international trade and investment. International Chamber of Commerce works as follows: development of international trade and economic rules, practices and to promote the business world; and dialogue with governments and international organizations, in order to create a conducive to free enterprise, free trade, free competition in the international environment; promote among members economic and trade cooperation, and to provide real world business services.

International Chamber of Commerce / ICC, through its Professional Committee consists of a dozen and dozens of working group to develop many areas of international business rules and practices, such as international trade terms, rules of international trade settlement, widely used around the world. ICC is an important dialogue partner of the United Nations and many other important international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization, EU, OECD, the Western Group of Seven, etc., to maintain a close relationship of these organizations in the formulation of policies on international business time has an important impact. ICC for the majority of the business community to provide practical services such as arbitration, temporary import documents system, trade information networks, etc., greatly facilitated the operation of the business of international trade practices.

International Chamber of Commerce / ICC currently has national committees in 83 countries, from 140 countries with more than 8,000 member companies and member associations. These members are mostly engaged in various countries and regions, the backbone of international trade and economic activities of enterprises and organizations.

International Chamber of Commerce / ICC current Chairman of Vivendi Universal Chairman and CEO Jean-Rene Fourtou, Mr. Secretary-General Kata Wei (former general manager of the World Economic Forum).

International Chamber of Commerce - functions

1 at the international business community representatives, especially the United Nations specialized agencies to act as business and government spokesman.

(2) promote the establishment of free and fair competition in the world based on trade and investment

3 harmonization of trade practices and terms of trade for importers and exporters to develop and the various guidelines.

4 to provide practical services for business.

International Chamber of Commerce - Organization

International Chamber of Commerce organizations including the Council, the Executive Board, Officials Committee, Finance Committee, the Chairman, Vice Chairman and former Secretary-General, their committees and members, members of the General Assembly, also has a national correspondent.

International Chamber of Commerce - other sector

International Trade Policy Committee, International Investment and Multinational Enterprises Committee, International Business Practices Commission, Commission on Banking Technique and Practice, e-commerce committee, intellectual and industrial property committee, Environment Committee, the Energy Commission, Maritime Commission Tax Commission, Committee on Competition Law and Practice , Insurance Committee, the International arbitration Commission, international Chamber of Commerce Court of Arbitration, international Chamber of Commerce Maritime cooperation Center, international Chamber of Commerce counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau, international Chamber of Commerce commercial Crime Bureau against.
Other agencies

International Trade Policy Committee, International Investment and Multinational Enterprises Committee, International Business Practices Commission, Commission on Banking Technique and Practice, e-commerce committee, intellectual and industrial property committee, Environment Committee, the Energy Commission, Maritime Commission Tax Commission, Committee on Competition Law and Practice , Insurance Committee, the International arbitration Commission, international Chamber of Commerce Court of Arbitration, international Chamber of Commerce Maritime cooperation Center, international Chamber of Commerce counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau, international Chamber of Commerce commercial Crime Bureau against.

World Economic Forum-WEF

2012-02-02T10:12:00.000-08:00

World Economic Forum(WEF)-About World Economic Forum(WEF):

World Economic Forum - Introduction

World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Predecessor of the World Economic Forum in 1971 by the current Chairman of the Forum, Professor Klaus Schwab, the Geneva School of Business created the "European Management Forum." In 1987, "European Management Forum," was renamed "World Economic Forum." World Economic Forum's annual end of January to early February each year in Davos, Switzerland, is also called "Davos."

World Economic Forum participants mainly national political and economic circles of the senior leaders, business leaders and renowned experts, the purpose was to explore the world economic problems and to promote international economic cooperation and exchanges. As the international situation changes, forum topics explored in the field gradually broke through the purely economic, many bilateral and regional issues has become a forum to explore the main content. Over the past decade, the world has undergone a significant political, military, security and social events to be reflected more in the forum.

World Economic Forum - members of the structure:
World Economic Forum's influence in the strength of its member groups. Currently, a member of the World Economic Forum Foundation is among the world's top 1000 list, the trend of multinational companies lead the world economy. All members of the group of people representing their respective areas of the most influential decision-makers and trend leader. Members of the exchange of personnel within the group, between different members of the group of close discussion, which makes the World Economic Forum held in each of the activities of the Foundation have been actively involved, and this, it is also different from other World Economic Forum Forum main logo.
World Economic Forum to meet the members and participants in a variety of specific requirements, the Foundation bring together people and organizations a variety of activities such as: the establishment of a special committee, and organized a series of global, regional and local activities to promote cooperation, improve the global economic situation.
Global growth company (GGC) members belong to a single member group, they include some of the world's most important innovation in enterprises. GGC, have established this organization, because there is innovation in small and medium industrial enterprises in the world play an increasingly important role, and they tend to use cross-border business model.
In addition, the World Economic Forum also includes other other participants.
These participants belong to different members of the group, these groups gathered the scattered forces together in order to carry out their specific areas of global cooperation. Each group is independent, and ended limited, so each has its distinct characteristics. They include:
Group of industry leaders: the world's major industrial areas by the most well-known company's senior management staff;
Future global leaders group: about 600 members, the age of 45 years of age, they are the next generation of global decision-makers;
Media Leader Group: Global media field, including the most influential people, their participation will ensure the reliability of this event and impartiality, and to add luster to all participants;
Panelists groups: including the political, economic, scientific, social, science and technology in the field of celebrities; politicians Group: including government leaders and leaders of major international organizations;
Literary elite group: including more than 100 prominent figures from the literary field.
Group of future global leaders the world are trying to recruit outstanding young people from different backgrounds to establish and develop a global network of talent to enhance mutual support between them, and promote them to meet global challenges such a dialogue.

World Economic Forum (WEF) official website address:
http://www.weforum.org/

Investment Advisory-Investment consulting

2012-01-30T12:47:00.000-08:00

Investment Advisory/Investment consulting-What is the investment advisory?
Investment consulting is the trust entrusted by investors, to provide advice on investment projects and programs of the consultation: The main content of investment advice: for investment projects with market research and forecasting, investment opportunities and risk analysis, feasibility research and evaluation of feasibility studies, to provide alternative investment solutions, drafting, amendments to the investment contracts, agreements, articles of incorporation and other documents; introduce the nation's investment policies and regulations.

Investment advisory - role
Like other consulting investment consulting is to provide information services industry. Information is the basis for consultation, consultation is an important way to achieve commercialization of information. Therefore, the investment advisory role is to achieve information on the construction, conversion, optimization, and coordination and so on.
1. Doubts the role of
Content is to ask advice, planning and discussion. In terms of the principals, the purpose of consultation is to gain knowledge, intelligence and information to solve their difficult problems. The construction investment advisory function is to investors through the investment advisory, investment activities to further understand the law, present and future investment activities, investment activities continue to eliminate the status and trends of uncertainty in understanding the function. Socio-economic activities and rapid development of science and technology, market demand changing, increasingly competitive, survival and development of the external environment and internal conditions are increasingly becoming multi-factor, multi-variable, multi-target complex system, so people's understanding of information and requirements necessary to strengthen. The investment industry, the construction must be by means of investment advisory function, to predict future changes in trends, reduce blindness in investment decisions, which aim to improve investment results.
2. Conversion function
Information transfer and conversion, including three types:
First, the conversion of the carrier;
Second, the content of the conversion;
Third, the information that intangible "wealth", "productivity", be converted into material wealth and production capacity.
For investment information consultation, the most important feature is the third function, that is, through the development of human intelligence resources, accumulation and transfer, better role in the process of economic activity.
3. Optimization of the role
Direct investment advisory function is to optimize investment decisions, optimize the investment management and optimization of investment services. This is also to carry out the purpose and destination of investment advice.
In the investment advisory activities to optimize the role of the main reflected in three aspects:
(1) improve the investment decision-making capacity. China's investment in the field of losses caused by policy mistakes, is well known. Abroad have the formula: × velocity = effective decision-making. Making mistakes, all bets are off. Highly developed in modern science and technology, the increasing scale of social activities, change more rapidly, affecting more and more widely in the case, simply a region, a department or a unit leader in understanding, to the investment goal to make the right decisions, the possibility is very small. Therefore, it depends on the use of specialized advisory body of experts in all aspects, technology, information and scientific methods to provide consulting services to achieve the correct decision-making purposes. Such as Shanghai, "Baosteel Yangtze River (library building) water diversion project feasibility consulting" scientific decision made, they received a significant effect. Baosteel reform cited the Yangtze River water, the amount of project investment 50 million yuan per annum operating cost savings of several million dollars, an annual saving of power consumption of 25 million degrees. Facts have proved that the investment consulting industry as an investment decision makers of scientific decision-making "brain" and "staff" status has been widely accepted.
(2) improve the quality of investment management. Investment decisions to achieve scientific and democratic, the increased investment in the quality of management is very important. The so-called investment management, including planning, design, labor, material and financial aspects of management, which involves a wide range of internal and external collaboration with many links, but also by natural conditions, resource conditions, productivity layout and material and technical conditions. A large industrial construction projects, individual projects up to dozens, hundreds, on-site construction workers gathered inside, dozens of types of work, while hundreds of cross-assembly-line construction machinery, construction services outside the national coordination unit is almost over all sectors of the economy, if left to scientific management, left the unified command, unified action, will cause a serious waste, and even confusion. As an independent investment advisory organization, to determine through research and scientific investigation to conclusion consultative approach for investment management to identify weaknesses and put forward a systematic, scientific management methods to improve the quality of management, improve the management level.
(3) improve investment returns. For a long time, China's investment expansion, low investment returns, the reasons for this situation are numerous, but in the investment field, do not attach importance to consulting business is an important reason. Large number of investment projects, such as decision-making, there is no market demand for the project, construction tasks, and the economic benefits of systematic investment in research and demonstration, on hastily; or the "feasibility study" as the investment dispute, a stepping stone on the project and "approval" means, even leading department set "tone", "green light launched", bear the investment risk investment decision-making responsibility with the phase out. Therefore, improving investment effectiveness, long-term unresolved. Now state publicly announced bank loans and medium-sized construction projects and projects without consultation and demonstration, and non-project loans. This is a fundamental decision to block the blind, racking our brains launched the road, coupled with increased investment by the quality of management consulting, investment efficiency is not high, there may be resolved soon.
4. Coordinating role
In the face of the formation and development of a wide range of investment markets, investment advisory role is another directly, through the transmission of information to organize and coordinate the financial, technical, material, labor, etc., to enhance the rate of investment and construction, improve investment cost. This will provide investment opportunities for the investors, but also for the investment needs of those looking for investment partners. This promotion, prosperity, regulation, control and management of the investment market, to control the investment scale, adjust the direction of investment, monitoring investment risk, investment transfers surplus and deficiency, and promote the improvement of investment efficiency will play an important role.

Investment Consulting - principles:
Should follow an independent investment consulting, scientific, fair and workable principles to re-credit, and efficiency, abide by the contract and dedicated service as commissioned by their own business policy.
1. The principle of independence
First, the advisory body should be independent, to the independent exercise of legal rights;
The second is to decide whether to accept an independent commission, an independent research program to develop independent thinking and dealing with the consultation process to complete the major problems encountered;
Third, the program provides counseling, advice and strategies, is the country's total line, principles and policy guidance, made independently.
Is easier to establish this principle, to obtain the desired effect completely is more difficult, requiring consultants in consultation activities, must not be behind closed doors, subjective, but some people can not meet the psychological engage in "consultation was ordered" to be full possession of material , using the collective wisdom, to make accurate judgments.
2. The principle of the feasibility
Commissioned consultants to provide advice for the program to be realistic and practical. Should not boast, sake of making criticisms, overestimate benefits and underestimate the difficulties, the study of responses to scientific and reliable, the options must be based on science, optimization, reliability, based on measures clearly can not talk about principles, not to mention the measures, and finally can not be organized and implemented.
3. The principles of fairness
For all commissioned consultants to be objective and fair, especially for consulting projects commissioned controversial, or up and down about incidental consulting projects, must be independent of position, scientific attitude, to make a fair conclusion of the consultation, in order to maintain consultation institutions of social prestige.
4. Scientific principles
Is in the consultation process, the use of scientific methods of research, forecasting and analysis; consultants working attitude to be realistic, meticulous, quantitative analysis of all data to go through, all with the data insist on talking. Results of the consultation to be scientific proof, does not have the slightest false.
5. The principle of what one
A wide range of investment advisory business, the difficulty vary greatly, so to carry out the scope of investment advisory business consultants according to the quantity and quality, their grasp of the information, materials, data, how much, and consulting to determine the status of network formation. Adhere to what the principle should not eat more than a perfectionist impractical.

Investment Consulting - Classification
Investment advisory classification, from the level to divide the total, can be divided into macro consulting, meso-and micro-consulting advice of three parts; object by consulting division can be divided into the government, regional or sector, enterprises and institutions of the consultation; by the form of division can be divided into written and oral advice and so on.
(A) of the different levels of classification
1. Called macro-development strategy advice or consultation. It is entrusted, research and feasibility studies in a given period and the total investment in fixed assets over the same period the state may provide financial, material and human resources are compatible: investment structure, layout, directions how to manipulate; investment guidelines, policies and major measures how to develop; investment financing channels; how to make full use of the coastal mainland and remote areas of talent, technology, resources, and so on. This consultation issues related to the sustainability of the national economy, coordinated and stable development, related to the total demand and total supply of overall balance, related to the stage of production growth and production potential. So it is not an investment advisory body to an individual to complete and require research by the relevant state departments taking the lead, the mobilization of experts composed of a large consulting team, the use of historical, recent and foreign information, data, information, and adopt modern means to complete.
2. The concept of consultation. It refers to an economic zone or a provincial development plan to the county's strategic investment consulting. Such consultation objectives, content and direction of the required consultation with the macro similarities. It is mainly focused on the region in a certain period of investment size, structure and direction for local economic development. The concept of investment advice, under the conditions of socialism in our country, first of all be familiar with the macro guiding ideology, to understand the national, regional investment in the region and the history and current status of the region's strengths and weaknesses, etc., through large amounts of data, the use of advanced scientific computing tools and methods, analysis, prediction, comparison and demonstration of the region's total investment scale, investment structure, direction, policies, fund-raising to provide optimal options for decision-making departments. The concept of investment advice, generally led by a consulting department, in conjunction with various departments in the region, the experts and practitioners to help assess the feasibility studies, consulting together to complete the task.
3. Micro-consulting. It refers to the feasibility of a project investment and construction consulting, general services for the person who commissions the following: First, the market, including products in the domestic and international sales, price trends, competitive products, and possible a new generation of products more ; second, to ascertain the resources, power supply is a collaborative piece; third, select a product program, production scale, the best technology and the corresponding equipment; fourth, environmental protection and comprehensive utilization; fifth, site selection, plant composition and regional arrangements; sixth, organization and management structure and staff training; seventh, construction period and operation time; eighth, project budget, financing, use and repayment; ninth, evaluation of investment results, including product cost , may provide the profits and taxes, and payback period, etc., but also from the global and regional economic considerations, focus on the macro-, meso-economic benefits.
(B) the classification of the organizational form of consultation
By this form of classification can be divided into:
1. Internal consulting, also known as self-counseling. By the department or unit is standing advisory bodies and expert advice for the self.
Internal consulting is characterized by:
First, confidentiality, and internal intelligence, not easy to leak confidential;
Second, convenient and flexible, free from outside influence;
Third, cost savings, obviating the need to pay consulting fees.
But there are also disadvantages, mainly prone to one-sidedness, limitations, lack of impartiality, not easily accepted by third parties.
2. External consultation. Usually employ experts outside of the unit or agency consultation. Characteristics of this type of consultation is more fair, reasonable, or as consultants commissioned between agencies and there is no fundamental and interest, so the consultation carried out by small one-sidedness, limitations, and also has a higher authority. The disadvantage is that consulting fees are usually higher.
3. Temporary commission consultation. In some cases, such as the advisory body within the unit less than consultants, or professional knowledge structure out of proportion, you can usually temporary commission of outside experts or organizations involved in consulting, organizing temporary joint advisory body, subject, once completed, an advisory body that is to dissolve itself .
(C) divided by the length of time
1. Long-term counseling. Refers to the advisory body to consult on investment projects for 3-5 years to be consecutive, or even longer, management consulting, legal advice, such advice is essentially an advisory body on enterprise long-term mentoring relationships. Return visit regularly or irregularly discussion, or send "agents" or "consultants" for long-term counseling.
2. Short-term consultancies. Is generally a one-time consultation for one month, two weeks or less, usually to solve a particular problem for the special consultation.
(D) the nature of classification by the Advisory
1. Special consultation. Means the customer needs for specific topics, or mutually agreed with the customer the topic of the consultations carried out as general project evaluation, feasibility studies; legal advice in contract disputes; engineering economy in the tender bidding; Information and the opportunity to consult in response to inquiries, and so on. General topics such simple consulting project, the content simple, easy access to information, advice the required human and material resources into fewer, shorter.
2. Comprehensive consultation. Refers to the more complex, large-scale, comprehensive in its advisory. Such as strategic consulting, policy advice often encountered departments, regional development planning, technology planning, product development plans, etc.; and medium-sized construction project feasibility study; investment management consulting business in the thesis, and so on. As the complexity of the subject, content range, the data is difficult to measure, so the need to organize experts in various fields, and even a few joint advisory bodies for consultation. Its investment in human and financial resources are more prolonged.
(E) divided by a consultative way
1. Oral advice. That is directly answered by the consultants commissioned consultants to ask questions. General content of concise information for counseling, information transfer; the existing rules, regulations, methods of introduction and general comments of the consultation. Due to the quality of consultants and agency constraints, it has great limitations, but can meet with counselors to answer questions more specific, there is room for discussion.
2. A written inquiry. Commissioned by the consultants that were based on the requirements, and afterwards written to provide information, data, information or answer questions. Generally huge, far-reaching, involving a wide range of technical and economic issues are more difficult in this way to show responsibility.

Investment Consulting - Content:
Investment Consulting, which mainly include:
1. Investment Strategy Consulting
Major consulting are: macro-scale of investment, investment direction, investment structure, investment focus, the investment environment analysis and recommendations; industries, sectors to develop long-term development planning; regional economic development strategy study; countries and annual investment plans and long-term analysis and recommendations.
2. Investment policy advice
Major consulting are: macro-control and investment policy to improve investment efficiency analysis and recommendations; current investment policy and related financial, fiscal, foreign investment policy, evaluation and recommendations; investment policy systems.
3. Investment Information
Major consulting are: the investment of social, economic and technical information available; seeking investment partners to introduce investment opportunities; customer credit counseling, special investigation and prediction.
4. Feasibility Study Consulting
Major consulting are: Investment Opportunities; market research and forecasting; evaluation of the project design and construction; technical environment, financial and economic evaluation; feasibility study report.
5. Project evaluation and consulting
Major consulting are: business and project profile review; market and scale analysis; technology and design analysis; financial projections and financial benefit analysis; economic analysis; assessment of the implementation of the establishment.
6. Investment fund raising consulting
Major consulting are: to raise domestic financing of the introduction; the introduction of foreign financing; contact the bank loans; bonds, the analysis of stock issuance and construction; Joint analysis and recommendations.
7. Engineering design and consultation
Major consulting are: the preparation of the design of the mission statement; principal-agent design; involved in the design process of products, equipment and other information provided; project takes, budget preparation and review.
8. Tendering advice
Major consulting are: preparation of tender documents; pre-tender review; construction contractors selected; design, construction, equipment, etc. the whole process of bidding. Tender the contract proposal.
9, the construction quality management consulting
Major consulting are: construction quality management consulting; building materials quality management consulting; equipment quality management consulting; exploration, design quality management consulting.
10. Investment in legal advice
Major consulting are: domestic investment legal advice; survey and design contracts signed; construction and installation contracts signed; foreign investment legal advice; International Bidding law advice; foreign investment, legal advice.
11. Project Management Consulting
Major consulting are: business strategy analysis and development; marketing management analysis and recommendations; financial cost management analysis and recommendations.

Human Resource Consulting-HR Consulting

2012-01-30T12:38:00.000-08:00

Human Resource Consulting-HR Consulting-What is a human resources consulting?

Human Resource Consulting is a professional consulting organization based enterprises in the field of human resources, special needs, to provide the suitable characteristics of the target company's human resources solutions, enterprise human resources system with the corporate strategy and providing support to adapt to the role of services.

Human Resource Consulting - Content:
Human Resource Consulting main focus on staff recruitment, performance appraisal, compensation systems, training and career planning in such areas. In view of human resources is a living resource, is the survival and development of the subject, it must adhere to the "people first" guiding ideology, the human factor is the human ability into full play, the human potential fully developed, people's enthusiasm fully mobilize the first place.
Human Resource Consulting's management theory and methods related to the management, psychology, organizational behavior, systems engineering and information management and other multi-disciplinary knowledge, are highly technical management, and therefore require a higher quality consultants.

Human resources management consulting - role:
Human resources management consulting, is the focus on businesses identify and solve problems in human resource management services, in particular, that the enterprise is currently building a sound human resources management system, meaning the business is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, discovered the existence of a comprehensive corporate human resources management-related issues; second is to solve these problems, tailored, practical solutions to develop and help implement; third is to teach business managers identify and solve the problem of human resource management methods and skills, so that enterprises in the human resource management, self-hematopoietic function. Human resources management consulting ultimate goal is to make the human resource management can fully meet the business development strategy.
In addition, human resources management consulting project process can also be daily communication, and to provide relevant business training, play the following roles:
(A) management consultants by helping senior management to establish the correct business ideas, to discuss the decision-making methods, techniques, to improve their decision-making capacity; senior management by improving the ability to work and to subordinate sense and proper performance authorized techniques to enhance their employment capacity; by the enterprises to establish and improve the functions of an efficient management system, will allow senior management personnel may be too busy to escape the daily affairs, have had more time to study the long-term development strategy, which can greatly enhance their ability to use time management and efficiency.
(B) Human resources management consulting process, combined with business practice, planned for mid-level management training and guidance, to provide them with specialized knowledge, new management techniques or methods, know-how, so that they firmly establish the overall interests of the concepts, and coordinate the relationship between vertical and horizontal management, to improve their overall quality of management.
(C) through human resource management consulting, staff can be widely disseminated to all the basic principles of scientific management, knowledge and methods, generally to improve their professional level of management, collective ideas and work responsibilities.
Comprehensive human resource management consulting can identify problems, and thus provides overall coordination of the solution, which was found with the daily management problems found in different business problems that may be fragmented, and therefore the solution for the problem may not be valid. As human resources management is a systematic project, solutions for individual problems may cause the system to other aspects of the problem. For example, a real estate company in Liaoning leading engineers often complain that low wages and, therefore, increase the wages of engineers, financial officers soon the results continually complain of wages, that much lower than the engineers, the lack of enthusiasm for work, in fact, the financial staff wages than similar workers in the city 20 percent higher wages. Later, through human resources management counseling, job evaluation and adjustment of the wage system, employee dissatisfaction subsided after.
Many corporate customers, through the imitation of other great companies, the formation of a remuneration or assessment program, but the actual operation of many problems, such as private business owners have is a Harvard fan translation of textbooks is quite familiar with Harvard, and later encountered an annual salary of the book, resulting in company-wide implementation of full annual salary system, usually take only a fixed salary, (small amount), the result is very low staff enthusiasm for work, chat at work to read the newspapers, and later after the abolition of the program through consultation, general staff salary system can not inspire. Additionally, firms in different stages of development have different human resources management policies and development strategies based on business vary, such as human resources strategy, salary policy, assessment policy.
It is human resource management consulting to systems and realistic solution to the problem of human resources in different organizations, which makes those early realized that human resource management in the importance of business management, and its own human resources management system was inadequate business, and management consulting firm and timely cooperation to address the development of one of the key issues.

Strategic human resource management consulting
In modern society, human resources are the most dynamic organization of resources, how to attract talent, how to organize the existing human resources to achieve greater effectiveness in support of organizational strategic goals, every leader must be a serious consideration The problem, which is why more and more business leaders from the highest area of human resources a reason. In this case, human resources personnel can no longer confined to traditional areas of work. The so-called strategic human resources, is in a strategic perspective, a strategic look at work in human resources recruitment, selection, deployment, motivation and a series of work.
Strategic human resource management consulting, mainly in the following:
(B) Consulting Consulting strategic human resource management objects the object of the customer's decision-making team. Why is the decision-making team? Because the decision-making team to pay attention to the organization's long-term sustainability of their obligation to the organization from a strategic point of view the problem, that is, strategic thinking can only come from decision-making team, rather than customers of other people. Moreover, the strategic human resource management consulting results to decision-making team must play a role in the development of the organization. Roland Berger consulting firm specializing in corporate strategy and structure changes, she said: "Whether a management consultant is willing to make a business strategy, structure and other aspects of the consultation, will ultimately become the business manager to do individual counseling."
(C) the value of consulting
Emphasis on strategic human resource management strategies that use the system, global look at human resource management systems and human resources management of specific operations, emphasis on human resource management to support organizational strategy must focus on the achievement of the goals. It results in short-term performance is not easy to measure, its value to the organization are often reflected in the future, so, consultants and customers must consult in advance the value of consensus, otherwise the project could not be. Mutual trust is the premise of the project to proceed, but also to ensure success of the project. The value of consultation in the following areas:
Provide solutions to problems, such as building human resources systems.
Leadership team in the process to promote consensus on human resources strategy. Rigorous entrepreneurs believe that the "strategy" and its strict implementation can bring success to their own rigorous planning of human resources, so agreed human resources strategy for the organization's value is great, it will be with the organization becoming more and more apparent.
High-level concepts and strategies to promote change in ways of thinking improved. Through several in-depth communication, senior leadership can change the concept, such as the understanding of performance management, from simple up to a comprehensive assessment of the PDCA management, which will guide them in many places, policies and actions, thus affecting the entire organization's work.
Create a suitable development of the organization culture. Organization is made up of people, in such a crowd, always a certain kind of form the main culture that may be suitable, it may hinder organizational development, organized by a clear vision, mission, core values, conscious of the enterprise cultural construction, in accordance with the wishes of decision-making team, the formation of a suitable development of the organization culture.
(D) the consultation process
Consulting industry commonly used method is to discuss with customers, together to find solutions to the problem.
First of all, through full communication and decision-making team, find the customer's real needs, in order to ensure that targeted.
Then, research interviews, including interviews and surveys of employees, etc., to understand the client's business, organizational status and feelings of employees, expectations.
The main decision-making process is the team with many exchanges, the consultant's professional theories, ways of thinking, consulting experience and decision-making team for their understanding and expectations of the organization combined with the ideas and methods to find a solution. As a leading consulting firm, said, "The Consulting Group does not know your business or market better than you do (consulting firm will not be more than you know your business and market)." Consulting and decision-making team's goal is the same, both parties must work together to achieve their goals. Most of the value of consultation should be submitted in the process.
Finally, the consulting firm will submit a written report (writtenreports), may be a solution to the problem: for example, the idea of organizational restructuring and revised organization chart; may also be a solution to the problem, such as how to retain and motivate key employees. However, since the previous full communication and exchange of ideas between the two sides together to find solutions and identity, therefore, a written report does not contain any surprises, as Mckinsey & Company's point of view: "Typically, therefore, our written reports contain no surprise; rather, they confirm recommendations previously municated and discussed. (written report only confirmed the idea suggested previously discussed, there is no accident.) "Precisely because of this, the process of consultation is a time and measure, rather than the proposal submitted by the measure.

Career counselling

2012-01-30T12:31:00.000-08:00

Career counselling-What is career counseling?

Career counseling include job search, employment, business guidance, quality of talent evaluation, career planning, career counseling and a series of human resources related business development consulting services.

Career Counselling - Theoretical system form
1, career counseling - basic concepts and basic knowledge
Basic concepts and basic knowledge, that is part of the basic theory. Such as "career counseling", "job readiness" and "career awareness" and so, on the social and professional significance of the principles of career counseling theory, this part easy. That part of the people understand the career counseling, and thus the basis of this work may be implemented.
2, methods of career counseling theory
Methods of career counseling theory or the theory that career counseling methodology. Career counseling is to guide those who are consultants to make up employment, further education and business goals change, or in office to continue to develop and use a variety of means, selection means of the behavior and activities. Career counseling methodology is on the means, methods and means of the doctrine or theory. And career counseling to understand and master the methodology is indeed effective and rational use of its methods are indispensable conditions.
3, the theory of career counseling theory of history.
This section can fully reflect the career counseling theory and methods of production, the formation and development process, reflecting the different relationship between theory and method. Therefore, to better grasp the basis for the use of career counseling theory, methodology and methods, must be more systematic understanding of this part.
Vocational needs of consultation from the point of view, the theoretical system can be divided into:
1, social and professional aspects of the theory
Social and professional aspects of the theory include the concept of occupation, characteristics, social division of labor and employment relations, occupational and human and social relations, social and occupational structure changes and so on.
2, the personal and individual aspects of the theory
Personal and individual aspects of the theory, is on the individual's physical condition, psychological characteristics, personal relationships and social roles and other social aspects of the discussion.
3, the theoretical aspects of career
Theoretical aspects of his career is the career preparation period from the end to the professional activities of theoretical explanations, that person's career in theory.
4, career counseling theory and counseling and education
Career counseling theory and counseling and education is the core theory, in the above theories played a leading role in several other parts are in a subordinate position.
Career counseling model
1, guidance counseling model
Importance of this model to talk about your consulting services to those who object or the history of the growth, emphasis on its diagnosis and case analysis. Throughout the consultation process, the consultants also note that those who talk about the cooperation with, note that according to the needs of clients to provide information and assistance. When necessary, they object to make recommendations to the service directly. Williamson (E · G · WiUiamson) is an important representative of the school. Through long practice, he career counseling process is divided into six steps:
The first analysis. By subjective and objective methods, collection and analysis consulting services of attitude, interests, family background, education and aptitude, etc.
2 is a comprehensive. The use of case study method to organize, summarize the information obtained, highlighting the main features of consulting clients.
Third diagnosis. Consulting services to the personal circumstances of an object compared with the occupational factors, identify problems.
Fourth is expected. The diagnosis as the basis for forecasting, consulting to help clients select the action or adjust career plans.
Fifth consultations. Consulting clients to answer questions about various issues, to help them understand themselves, understand the job and career criteria to clients how to achieve their goals, to discuss together.
Sixth, repeat. When new problems arise, repeat the above five steps.
2, to talk about those center consulting model
The consulting model assumptions are: consulting services to talk about the object or if we can get the greatest psychological satisfaction, they can solve their own job search and other problems encountered, the problem will not bring all consultants here . Therefore, this school of consultants with particular emphasis in the consultation process both the mutual understanding, mutual acceptance, requires the formation of - kind of harmonious relations atmosphere. They also believe that the initiative to provide career counseling clients do not need the information. Thus during the career counseling should be guided by the following principles: First, only active objects consulting services upon request, only to provide them with career information. Second, the consultant can not use the information to manipulate and influence career counseling clients to make decisions, but they should be encouraged from a variety of publications, employers, workers in the industry, get career information in order to increase their sense of responsibility and their creative spirit. Third, in the consultation process, which allows an object to express the consulting services of a professional's experience, and for these feelings to "therapeutic" enlighten. In general, this mode of attention is to talk about consulting or visitors at the emotions, the issues raised at that time, do not attach importance to the understanding of other relevant circumstances, do not attach importance to diagnosis and specific recommendations. Thus, the model is limited to this consultation, the consultation process is not a certain procedure, it will be a simple conversation between the parties to discuss the process.
3, psychodynamic consulting model
This model of psychoanalytic theory, focused on analysis of the psychological motivations, needs and desires of potential career, emphasizing consulting services consultants to find out the root of the object to make decisions that they are based on Which will lead to intrinsic motivation to make a decision , not just analysis of the general interest, attitudes and other factors. After finding this to be the underlying causes, and then a variety of means testing and diagnosis, to understand their various quality characteristics. Requires a high degree of individual and professional in the same context, the object should be consulted on the choice of career services.
4, development consulting model
This model calls for consultants based on counseling clients in the past and present performance, and their performance will mean that from a development perspective forecast future clients what action can be taken to the job search and so on. The school believes that both the rational person, there are emotional. Consultants for consulting services to clients, these two aspects of performance opportunities. For example, you can ask them, "I think what type of person he is," "I own this type of people how I see", "I like to be what type of person," "my values and what is needed." , "meet my values, needs, interests, etc. What is the way out" of the type of problems. Let them answer these questions. And so its full performance, the fishes and help guide them.
5, behavioral counseling model
This mode counseling clients value the response sensitivity, learning psychology, focusing on analysis of their responses to the environment, in order to determine their intentions and strengths. Then is to understand and analyze the behavior of objects weakness of consulting services. Then advise them on how to avoid weaknesses in behavior, but also to learn what knowledge, skills and other things, and guide clients to solve their own job search and other problems encountered in the process to help them to achieve their career goals.
6, eclectic consulting model
In the implementation of the career counseling process model to be adopted, which means the use of the method, this school advocates eclectic. That should be based on specific circumstances, to take the strengths of the parties, so that career counseling to produce better results. Therefore, the school claims consultant with clients in addition to establishing a good working relationship, talk about who should be allowed to explore their own, evaluate their own problems, etc., should also be given to other aspects of the help and guidance. To accomplish all this, many consulting clients to understand, diagnose, predict and recommendations, are indispensable.

Career counseling - results
Career counseling, career planning division of the effect depends on the talent assessment techniques and career planning experience. This two can be neglected, the former is the means and basis for the purpose of the former and the latter is the result. Competent career counselor must not only master the technical evaluation of scientific and efficient personnel, but also has extensive experience in comprehensive career planning, or you fail to make the consultation on the consultative customer satisfaction results. Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth, but also inspection personnel, technology, science and the only criterion.

Measure the success of the standard career counseling
1, the evaluation of the correct place. This is the foundation. Appreciating good can only help. Consultants must be accurately measured quasi-consultative customer picture quality talent, especially in special consultative customer talents and quality of the structure, not generalities and ambiguous cut, fierce heard clearly and logically exhaustive, thin air who can consider general sets. But must be the exact words in specific words, so that consultative customer really has "a parent with me, I know who Mr." a sense of respect and admiration, convinced of course willing to hear advice.
2, superb planning and practical. This is the core. Faced with a social reality, different people have different natural roles and career planning, this is the real facts. Consultation by the consultants for the design proposals must be based on each other's strengths and weaknesses of the main advantages of the lack of dialectical Research, the face of current social needs and development trends, planning the most appropriate to their development of business areas, their roles and procedures initiatives so that customers are indeed counseling tailored for him, full of interest, are confident and determined to do successfully. But not extravagant castles in the air, it sounds like a mass of happy, done nothing, or skeptical, wasted money.
3, tracking feedback is good. This is a benefit. Consultative customer - consultant - social, career counseling, as the three elements, its effectiveness is closely related to, win the whole win, you lose all lose. The more consultative customer received good effect, human resources and social development be promoted more as a consultant for the middle part of the positive regulatory role of the more conspicuous. Therefore, career counseling must be responsible in the end of the tracking service and timely feedback to form a "consulting - practice - feedback - further consultation - practice - and then feedback" a good mechanism. On the one hand, consultants are not gods, on the social situation and consultative customer experience can foresee the future, so career planning is not a panacea, but the situation must be adjusted with changes in conditions. On the other hand, the level of consultant is constantly improving through practice and training, consulting division of effort is also increasingly sophisticated sound more predictable. Career planning in ancient China a classic example - Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang as designed "Longzhong" to prove this point, but in practice many of today's consultants in the recount also illustrates this point.

Roland Berger Strategy Consultants

2012-01-30T12:24:00.000-08:00

Roland Berger Strategy Consultants-About Roland Berger Strategy Consultants:

Roland Berger Strategy Consultants - Overview

Roland Berger Strategy Consultants in Germany since its inception in 1967, has become the world's largest from Europe's strategic management consulting firm. At present, the international management consulting firm Roland Berger in Europe, Asia, North and South America in 25 countries with 36 branches, consultants from nearly 40 countries, forming a trade center and the center of each function supported by the power of transnational services .

Roland Berger Strategy Consultants - History:

1967: Independent Business

In 1967, Mr. Roland Berger in Munich to establish his own company - "an international marketing consulting company Roland Berger," was his only one support staff person. Once, for a travel company called Touropa solve marketing problems, he lucky enough to get a big project - help Touropa, Scharnow, Hummel, Dr.Tigges four companies merged to create tourism giant TUI aircraft carrier group, which Roland Berger is the first company set up after the important business. Since then, a number of important projects coming up, including the printing of a product development company Hoechst vertical market strategy, as well as a big German bank's financial advisory business to provide innovative marketing ideas. The size of the company's business doubled every year, just three years after 1970, corporate advisory business revenue reached 5.6 million German marks. By 1973, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants has developed into Germany's third largest consulting firm.

At the same time, the company's organization is rapidly changing from a company when it was launched into a personal partnership that provides services from marketing strategy to a broader area, the formation of a variety of consulting services portfolio. Since the beginning of the creation, the concept of the company with an international focus, the mid-1970s, the company in Milan, Paris, London, New York and Sao Paulo and other established offices. In addition, they establish a holding company within the executive search services and other business groups.

After a decade of growth, Roland Berger's staff has more than 100 people, the annual income of nearly 20 million consulting business German mark. Home in Germany to establish a number of branches, while continuing the international journey: In 1977, with Britain, France, Italy, Rui, Holland and other countries formed an international consulting business alliance TIG; 1979 years, with Japan's largest consulting one of "Japan" manage the establishment of joint ventures. In 1980, Roland Berger has been America's oldest and prestigious Association of ACME to attract outstanding advice for members and become the first European business association.

Roland Berger Strategy Consultants since 1980: development of a leading international business strategy consulting firm
In the mid-1980s, an international management consulting firm Roland Berger more than half of its business from strategic consulting services. From the mid-1980s, it quickly developed into a wide range of top management consulting services company, and have been in Sao Paulo, Barcelona, Madrid, Tokyo, Vienna, Lisbon, Paris and Buenos Aires and other places set up branches institutions. In the 1990s, expanded to nearly 500 employees, annual consulting revenues reached 175 million German marks (1990), 28% of income from foreign operations.
With the end of the era Iron Curtain in Europe, the company in the early 1990s the business expanded into Central and Eastern Europe, in Moscow, Prague, opened an office in Bucharest. Following this, the company has worked in Brussels, Shanghai, Zurich and Budapest to open new offices. Although the early years to open an office in New York, but in 1987 the Deutsche Bank acquisition of Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, and its expansion in the U.S. market to some extent by the terms of the limited bank holding company in the U.S. market was with local partners, mainly through a strategic partnership approach to start. Until 1998, Roland Berger conducted a management buy the company, Roland Berger and his partners to buy back shares from Deutsche Bank, the company once again become a full partner in all the independent companies in the United States business was able to eliminate the barriers. In the same year, the Detroit office set up a new office in New York and San Francisco offices were also opened in 1999 and 2001.
In December 2002, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants partner elected a new management, on July 1, 2003 to assume office. Dr. Roland Berger, founder of the company into the company Advisory Board. To meet the company's rapid international expansion requirements, non-German partner to enter the top management. Burkhard Mr. Wan Ke Shi was appointed as the new head of the Executive Committee, Mr. Anthony Bonner executive responsible for many people. After long and careful preparation, a new generation of management to successfully take over the baton of Roland Berger.
In October 2004, Roland Berger was expanded to the top management, Mr. Dirk Reiter joined the company, Mr. cultural 森特麦西尔 Executive Committee. Burkhard Mr. Wan Ke Shi was elected as Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Anthony Bonner and more continue to serve as executive head. Expand the power of top management for the international expansion of our business to provide more effective support. In December 2006, the original partner of the Executive Committee re-elected successor.
A success story from Europe
Today, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants has become a partner by the 130 shared by an independent advisory body. As a cutting-edge international business strategy consulting firm, ranked in the European market in the top three consulting firms, and strategic consulting in the global market among the top ten. When individuals engaged in business marketing consulting company now has 15 world has become a competence center for the diversification of customer needs customized solutions for multinational companies.
Outside of the regular consulting business, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants is also in research and development to establish a solid reputation for its research widely involved in today's world of business and management topics. In 1998, the company established a "strategic consulting firm Roland Berger Academic Network", there are 15 institutions of higher learning to become a member, allows the company to continue to communicate with the academic elite of theoretical and practical knowledge. In addition, Roland Berger has also sponsored and supported a number of university academic committee, and in which the office of Chairman. The company's academic research - "Roland Berger Strategy Consultants Paper Series Academic Network" and "European Management Paper Series" and other popular attention.

Roland Berger Strategy Consultants - About the founder
Professor Roland Berger, 66 years old, is headquartered in Munich, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants company's supervisory board chairman. Roland Berger in Munich and Hamburg in Germany and studying to obtain degrees in Business Administration, University of Munich.
Mr. Roland Berger in 1967 founded his own company. Today, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants has become the world's leading strategy consulting firm, one of 23 countries in the world with 33 offices. In 2003, consulting fee income of $ 600 million, has 1,685 employees worldwide, including 1,200 consultants.
Mr. Roland Berger in 1971 to 1972 served as the Technical University of Munich, Department of marketing and advertising lecturer since 1996 in Germany as the Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus in Business Administration and Management Consulting Department of guest lecturers, Since 2000 the school became an honorary professor. He is the Technical University of Munich and the Munich Academy of Music and Drama school board members. In addition, he was the University of Munich Economic Research Association Board members, Ai Erfu large school board members, as well as the best European business schools - Insead Fontainebleau INSEAD Board of Directors.
Mr. Roland Berger is located in Bavaria and Thuringia in the Republic of Finland's Honorary Consul-General.
Mr. Roland Berger Consulting Association and is one of many members of the group. Industry professionals as a consultant, he was elected U.S. management consulting firm Association (AMCF) Vice President, European Association of Management Consulting (FEACO) president, and the Association of German Management Consultants (BDU) president.
Mr. Roland Berger Germany's political leaders have a close relationship, German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder had been nominated for the "hostile takeover of the Federal Committee of Experts on the issue," a member of the Federal banking agencies and the reform of the German members of the Group. He was also the former German Federal President Roman - Herzog nomination for president, "Innovation Advisory Board" member. He is the "Manchester Man Bavaria and North Rhine Westphalia State Revenue Reform Commission, the civil service," Chairman and "Bavaria and Saxony future issues committee" members. Mr. Roland Berger was also nominated for "more streamlined federal government's Economic Advisory Committee" and "Pension System Development Committee". He was in Baden - Wuerttemberg governor Irwin Toy Havre elected as the "Baden - Württemberg Innovation Forum" members, was elected as the Schroeder government "long-term health of the German Social Security System Committee "(Rürup-Commission) members.
In December 2000, the U.S., Mr. Roland Berger Management Consulting Alliance (AMCF) issued by Carl Sloan Management Consulting Excellence Award (Carl S. Sloane Excellence).

International Monetary and Financial Law

2012-01-29T12:45:00.000-08:00

International Monetary and Financial Law:

International Monetary and Financial Law - the concept of
International monetary and financial law is to adjust the international monetary and financial relations between the international norms and domestic norms in general; in the content, the international monetary and financial law related to the international monetary system, international cross-border capital flows, cross-border business activities of financial institutions control on foreign exchange Exchange and trading on a variety of international financial assets and other aspects of derivatives transactions the legal system. International monetary and financial law is an important component of international economic law, the traditional international trade and international investment law regime. In the modern international economic relations, left the international monetary and financial order formed by law, all kinds of international economic activity will be difficult to proceed smoothly; the same time, a State law applicable to international monetary and financial system, to a large extent they determine the States to participate in international economic activity and efficiency of the way.
International monetary and financial relations with the development of international trade and developed, initially as the relationship between the different national currency exchange relationship. After the 15th century, the Mediterranean region has gradually become the World Trade Center, along with the emergence of cross-border credit relations. New World's discovery and the new channel opened, along with the European powers in foreign economic, political and cultural expansion of the process, Europe's banks set up branches in other countries step by step, to establish a world-wide banking network. Meet the needs of the financial industry, a lot of the restructuring of international monetary and financial relations, legal norms have come into being.
Early restructuring of the international monetary and financial relations, legal norms are mainly national laws. From the 17th to the 19th century, Britain, France, Germany and other countries have enacted a number of financial regulations, the international currency exchange, payment and credit relationship ties made a clear and detailed provisions have effectively promoted the development of the international financial . In particular, the development of the UK financial law on international financial relations and the development of International Financial Law has a great role in promoting.
Worldwide development of the international monetary and financial regulations began after World War II Bretton Woods Conference, which established the International Monetary Fund as the core of the global monetary and financial legal system, for the first time on the international currency exchange, international lending and international guarantees made effective international arrangements. Since then, the international monetary and financial inter-regional agreements, multilateral and bilateral international monetary and financial agreements have a lot to form a rich and varied content of international monetary and financial law system.
Strictly speaking, the international monetary and financial law, including international monetary law and international financial law two are different but closely linked nature of the legal department. International Monetary Law refers to the adjustment between countries due to international currency management activities arising from international norms of international monetary relations and domestic norms, it is required on international currency exchange, liquidity and exchange rate rule of law. It constitutes a country's international monetary and financial system is based on the typical nature of public law. International financial law refers to the adjustment between different countries due to civil entities arising from cross-border financial transactions in international financial relations with international norms and domestic norms, it is required on international trade finance, international loan financing, international bond financing, international equity financing, financial leasing and other financial transactions, international rule of law. Although the law in different countries, such legal systems often control laws may contain certain content, but it is essentially a private law character.
International Monetary between law and International Financial Law intrinsically linked. Briefly, the International Monetary law constitutes the basis of international financial law, financial law and international law that the purpose of international monetary transactions and want to regulate content. International monetary and financial law from the perspective of the development on the one hand, a country's international financial legal system is in fact based on the method used in the international monetary system based on the law in different countries of the international monetary system, its international payments and international financial transactions will have different meanings and characteristics of the International Financial Law will also have different properties and content; the other hand, a State law adopted by the international monetary system and to serve its international financial law system, the International Monetary reflects the legal system or payment system, its international trade requirements, or reflect the requirements of the international financial trading system, or integrated trade reflects its recurrent and capital account transactions to pay the common system requirements. It should be said, the international monetary law and International Financial Law reflects the coordinated development of the international monetary and financial close contact of the objective characteristics.

International Monetary and Financial Law - features:
Legal departments and other relevant comparison, the international monetary and financial law has the following basic features:
1 international.International monetary and financial law to adjust the international monetary and financial relations, that is, the international monetary and financial relations between the main subject of the transaction or transactions will be contained in the cross-border factors. Modern foreign countries used monetary and financial systems to varying degrees by the international monetary order and commonly accepted norms of international constraints, which in fact exist in the international foreign countries in coordination between monetary and financial system issues, which distinguishes it from general domestic legal systems; In addition, international financial practice, a considerable part of international agreements and international practice for parties to cross-border financial transactions has also directly applicable significance.

2 foundation.International Monetary and Financial Law only adjust management activities by the International Monetary and international financial transactions arising directly out of the international monetary relations and international financial relations, which is directed against the international currency exchange, mobile and international financial transactions and other acts of international legal rules rather than adjust international monetary and financial activity behind the international trade relations and investment relations, it is actually a country's international trade law and international investment law has a fundamental role, which makes the traditional international trade and international investment wears difference.

3 practical.International monetary and financial law on foreign currency management activities and the rules of cross-border financial transactions, both in content and function with practical and technical characteristics, it is actually only a country's international trade policy and established international investment and financing policy provides the legal framework and legal instruments, and its role is to protect the safety of international economic activity and efficiency. In recent decades international economic activities, international financial practices in the existing international monetary and financial law and order has been under rapid development, international finance law has become an important area of innovation after another, in practice many will be formed according to their use financial and legal structure known as the "financial instruments."

Legal relations with the international monetary and financial sources of law:

(A) the relationship between the international monetary and financial lawInternational monetary and financial relations after the adjustment of international monetary and financial law becomes the law of international monetary and financial relations, the international monetary and financial legal relations can be classified from different angles. To participate in the main body of the standard can be divided into: state formed between the international monetary and financial legal relations; countries and economic organizations (including international financial institutions) and individuals to form the international monetary and financial legal relations; different countries between economic organizations and individuals form of international monetary and financial legal relations. International monetary and financial legal relations by the content can be divided into: International Monetary legal relations; international lending legal relations; international settlement of legal relations; international financial markets, legal relations; international financial organizations and other legal relations.

(B) the sources of international monetary and financial lawInternational monetary and financial sources of law is the law to the international monetary and financial performance of the form. From the current practice, the international monetary and financial law, including the following three main sources, of which the first two for the international monetary and financial law, international origin, the latter for its domestic roots.
1 international treaties and agreements.
International treaties and agreements of international monetary and financial law is an important source. At present, the international monetary and financial relations between the adjustment of treaties and agreements, including "the International Monetary Fund Agreement", "World Bank Agreement", "Reconstruction and Development Agreement", "Asian Development Bank Agreement," 1930 "bills of exchange promissory notes uniform Convention on the Law, "1931" Convention on the Law unified the check, "etc., in which" the International Monetary Fund Agreement "in the international monetary system of law has an important position, is considered to maintain the post-war international economic order, one of three pillars. In addition to these international treaties and agreements, by the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and other international financial institutions to develop some of the rules, resolutions or normative documents are also considered international monetary and financial law, international sources, they tend to the relevant international treaties and agreement with the interpretation of meaning. Of course, the international monetary and financial law, international treaties and agreements still to be developed, most of them only play a coordinating and guiding the foreign members of the role of monetary and financial system, only a few members of the international treaties and international financial relations of the parties directly applied significance.
2 international practice.
International practice in the long-term international financial exchanges in the formation of a stable, common practice, especially by international governmental and non-governmental organizations to develop the general rule. International practice only agree with the international practice of the parties directly legally binding, it is the international monetary and financial law, the main source. From international finance practice, regulation of international rules of conduct financial transactions is a major international financial practices, its role is extremely important. Current international generally accepted to be the major international financial practices including the International Chamber of Commerce, "Uniform Rules for Collections" and by the World Bank "Loan Agreement and the Guarantee Law" general contract practices in international lending by IDA "General Development Credit Agreement" general practice of international credit, international financing practice the principle of autonomy in accordance with generally accepted common international terms of loan agreements, major international financial markets has been widely used in market rules, and so on. It should be said, in the current international financial practices applicable in national law by the universally recognized principle of autonomy has an important role. In theory, international finance practice in the common international practice is actually based on the principle of autonomy to the specific terms of the contract to be confirmed; from a practical point of view, international finance and cross-border supply and demand characteristics are often decided to accept Such practice is essentially a prerequisite to achieve international financing, which makes the practice of international financial law has a complex nature and the nature of the contract.
3 domestic law.
Apart from the above countries on international monetary and financial domestic law of the international monetary and financial law, the main source, especially developing countries, international financial center where the relevant legislation in the areas of international finance especially. Such as the United Kingdom and the United States domestic law to international financial law is important. Because of the international monetary management is essentially an act of state, the principle of national sovereignty-based foreign currency for the legal regulation of relations between the domestic law of the form and are forced to take the form of law, the international monetary treaties only with member governments to coordinate and constraint; and international is a transnational financial activities of financial transactions, for the legal regulation of international financial relations involving the parties must first apply national law in the relevant international agreements or international conventions applicable to the relevant countries should take into account the restrictive system of domestic law . Countries on international monetary and financial laws generally include domestic and cross-border flow of foreign currency exchange system, exchange rate, fiscal and monetary policy, foreign currency on financial institutions and regulatory system, foreign exchange and gold on the international trading system, international credit finance law, International Securities Finance law, foreign financial assets on derivatives of the legal system and so on. Among them, the most developed countries to take civil and commercial legal systems such form or forms of market-oriented rules, and financial activities of domestic and international financial activities are not for the nature of other provisions. In many developing countries, not only for foreign exchange circulation system, control laws take the form of exchange rate regime, but also for international trade finance system, the international financial system and credit system of international securities financing also take the form of control law, the relevant rules of Civil and Commercial Law less development, and often the international monetary and financial aspects of the law is different from the domestic legal system to take the form of a special law.
In addition, common law countries for foreign financial relations of the case, the Court's case law constitutes a source of international financial law.

Hague Rules

2012-01-29T12:34:00.000-08:00

Hague Rules-About Hague Rules:

What is the Hague Rules?
"Hague Rules'' is uniform bill of lading number of legal provisions of international conventions "(internationalConventionfor the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating toBillsofLading) for short. It is August 25, 1924 in Brussels, Belgium attended by representatives from 26 countries signed a diplomatic conference, on June 2, 1931 with effect as of February 1997, adding the rule of a total of 88 countries and regions.

The Hague Rules - Background
The use of a long bill of lading. Early bills of lading, whether the content or format, are relatively simple, but its role is relatively simple, as only the transfer of goods certificate, just a receipt that the goods have been shipped. As international trade and the gradual development of the transport of goods by sea, bills of lading the nature, role and content of the particular terms of the back of the tremendous changes have taken place.
Produced early in the bill of lading that the goods have been checked after the form of a very long time, the most advanced maritime shipping in the UK, on the one hand, the carrier transport in the bill of lading, that the British habit as a "common carrier" (Common Carrier ) must be in accordance with English common law (Commonlaw) for the carriage of goods bear absolute liability, which bears the goods at the port of destination to the port of loading time of receipt of the goods to the consignee's obligation to the same state, for the transport of goods loss or damage, except for natural disasters (ActofGod), acts of public enemies (QueensEnemies), potential defects in the goods, the shipper's fault caused by the act, or part of general average losses, regardless of the carrier himself, the captain, crew or other employees , agents with or without the fault of the carrier are liable. On the other hand, the law of private contracts, but to take "freedom of contract" principle, which is the carrier to escape liability on the common law opens the door, the carrier included in the bill of lading for cargo loss or damages of terms imposed on the owner of a variety of unfair conditions and should not risk more and more. This exemption clause from the 18th century began to appear, to the mid-19th century, the latter half, it developed to out of hand. Disclaimer Some of the bill of lading as many as sixty-seven ten, as well as some say, only the right to collect freight carrier, no obligation at all. Abuse of freedom of contract carrier, unlimited exemption to expand the scope of practice time so that international trade and transport order into extreme confusion, the direct result of not only the goods side is lost when the minimum security interests, but also the emergence of insurance companies not cover , the bank refused to exchange, bill of lading in the market is difficult to transfer the flow of bad situation. This not only damages the owner, the interests of insurers and banks, but also a serious impediment to the development of the shipping industry itself.
In the UK the owner of the country represented by the bill of lading exemption clause of the period of abuse, the United States as the owner of the interests represented by the tremendous damage. In order to protect their business interests, the United States in 1893 developed the famous "Harter Act" (Harter Act), that "the ship sailed on, bills of lading, and transport properties of certain obligations, duties and rights of the Act." The Act provides that, in the United States between ports and between U.S. ports and foreign ports for cargo transport carrier, bill of lading shall not be added because of their negligence caused loss or damage to the terms of irresponsible, but also provides carrier should be handled carefully to make the ship seaworthy, the crew of the captain should be careful loading of goods, management and delivery. The Act provides that, where violations of these provisions of the bill of lading, will be in violation of U.S. "public order" grounds declared invalid.
"Harter Act" generation, the future of international shipping legislation had a tremendous impact. Australia in 1904 formulated the "Carriage of Goods by Sea Act"; New Zealand in 1908 formulated the "Shipping and Seamen Act"; Canada in 1910 formulated the "Water Carriage of Goods Act." Have adopted such legislation, "Harter Act," the basic principles, according to the "Harter Act" the relevant provisions of the bill of lading content has been adjusted. However, the efforts of a few countries it is difficult to solve the carrier substance without marginal exemption. And the different national legislation, the shipping company's bill of lading is not the same formulation, which greatly hampered the signing of the contract of carriage of goods by sea is not conducive to international trade. International maritime transport of goods can not be handled by a law of the State, therefore, to develop a unified international Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea is imperative to restrict the bill of lading.
Although the outbreak of World War I delayed the process of developing uniform international rules, but also gave a unified formulation of international rules has brought to life. After the war due to the global economic crisis, shippers, banks, insurance sector and the owner of the conflict even more intensified. In this case, in the past to limit freedom of contract, the amendment has been the unreasonable exemption clauses are not interested in Britain, the colonial order and its economic, political attitude of compromise, but also take the initiative with other shipping countries and organizations in seeking for effective solutions to these problems, but also advocates the development of international conventions to protect the competitiveness of the UK shipping industry, to maintain the UK's largest maritime countries in the world status. To this end, belongs to the International Law Association Committee on Law of the Sea (MaritimelawCommittee) 1921 May 17 to 20 in the Dutch capital the Hague meeting, developed a bill of lading rules, known as the "Hague Rules" for the parties to the contract voluntarily adopted. On this basis, in 1922, October 9 to 11 meeting in London, England, a number of changes to the Hague rules, the same year, 17 to 26 October, in Brussels, Belgium to discuss the diplomatic conference on maritime law, Delegates passed a resolution to adopt the rules recommended that Governments, in slightly modified to make domestic law. October 1923, and the International Maritime Conference held in Brussels, assigned by the International Conference on Maritime Law Committee made some changes to this rule, complete the formulation of the Hague Rules. Subsequently, in November 1923 the British Empire Economic Conference adopted a resolution on the one hand recommended that member governments and parliaments to adopt the revised rules make domestic law; the other hand, took the lead through domestic legislation, so that domestic law, which arising from the "British maritime transport of goods in 1924 Act" (CarriageofGoods by SeaAct1924-COGSA). The law in August 1924 by King's approval. August 25, 1924, Brussels, representatives of Governments also adopted the "Hague Rules" and "uniform bill of lading number 1924 International Convention on the law."
"Hague Rules" on June 2, 1931 came into effect. Europe and many countries have joined the Convention. Some countries follow the UK approach, through domestic legislation to make domestic law; some countries, according to the basic spirit of the Convention, further develop appropriate national law; some countries, while not a member of the convention, but some of their ships the company's bill of lading also adopted this spirit of the Convention. Therefore, the transport of goods by sea in the Convention is the most important bills of lading and is still widely used in international conventions.
The Hague Rules - the main content
"Hague Rules" a total of 36, which is the first to the substantive provisions of Article X, XI to be procedural provisions of Article XVI, mainly related to the ratification, accession and modify the procedural provisions, substantive provisions include the following :
1, the minimum obligation of the carrier
The so-called carrier minimum obligations, that is, the carrier must fulfill the basic obligations. This "Hague Rules" Article III, first paragraph: "must be bound before the carrier and sailing time, careful handling, so that the ship is seaworthy and properly staffed with qualified crews, equipment, ships and equipped with supplies; the cargo, refrigerated tanks and other cargo ship at the proper and safe that can be accepted, carriage and storage of goods. "paragraph which states:" The carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stowage, transport, custody, care and Uninstall. "that provide a seaworthy ship, properly manage the goods, or they will be liable.
2, the responsibility of the carrier during the transport of goods
During the so-called carrier's liability, the carrier is responsible for the transportation of goods period. Accordance with the "Hague Rules" first "cargo" is defined, during the transport of goods until the goods are loaded from the ship emptied until the period. The so-called "loading on board ship until emptied only" can be divided into two situations: First, the boom in the use of ship loading and unloading cargo, when loading the cargo hook mount when the boom until the ship unloading cargo from crane When the hook up, that "hook to hook" period. Second, the use of shore cranes loading and unloading, places the goods pass the ship's rail as the boundary, that is, "side to side" during the carrier shall be responsible for the goods. As for the shipment of the goods before, that the carrier took over the goods to the warehouse at the port loaded on board this period, and after unloading the goods to be delivered to the consignee of goods this time, according to the "Hague Rules" Article VII, by carrier on the carrier and the shipper of the goods occurred in the two loss of or damage should bear the responsibility and obligation to enter into any agreement, terms, conditions, reservations or exclusions.
3, the carrier's liability limit
The carrier's liability limit is not a defense of the carrier causes loss or damage, by providing the maximum compensation amount of the unit, its liability will be limited to a certain extent. This system is actually caused by the goods carrier liability for loss or damage to the partial exemption, fully reflects the interests of maintaining carrier. "Hague Rules" Paragraph 5 of Article IV provides that: "regardless of the carrier or the ship, in any case, relating to the goods on the goods or loss of or damage to, or per unit of each over £ 100 or its equivalent in other currencies , is not responsible for any circumstances; but the shipper prior to loading the cargo on the nature and value of the proposed declaration, and has been indicated in the bill of lading, unless. "
The maximum amount of compensation the carrier unit £ 100 in accordance with the provisions of Article IX of the rules should be 100 gold pounds. First, the United Kingdom by the British shipping industry initially used to pay bills by £ 100, although later the parties by agreement of the United Kingdom it increased to 200 pounds, but still can not meet the actual situation. For decades, due to the continuous depreciation of sterling, it is estimated that in 1924 the value of £ 100, then 1968 has been equivalent to the value of £ 800. In such a serious devaluation of sterling in the case, if the £ 100 limit of liability is clearly unreasonable, in violation of the "Hague Rules" provisions of Article IX. Second, the "Hague Rules" developed, many non-sterling countries have put 100 pounds converted into domestic currency, and calculate the value of gold from the limitations and constraints, due to the vagaries of financial markets, resulting in different requirements and current national the actual price of the compensation limit far.
4, the carrier's exemption
"Hague Rules" Article IV, paragraph 2, made seventeen carrier specific exemption provisions, divided into two types: one is the fault exemption; other is fault-free exemption. International maritime transport of goods in the most contentious issue is the "Hague Rules" fault exemption clause, "Hague Rules" First Article 4.2 states: "As the captain, crew, pilot or the carrier employed in navigation or management of the ship in the act, neglect or negligence caused by the loss or damage, the carrier may be exempted from liability. "exemption clause of this negligence is the responsibility of other modes of transport system does not have. Obviously, the "Hague Rules" in favor of the interests of the ship.
The other is no-fault carrier exemption, mainly in the following categories:
① force majeure or beyond the control of the carrier exemption are eight: the sea or other navigable waters of the disaster, danger or accident; natural disasters; acts of war; public enemy; monarchy, rulers or people detained or imprisoned, or detained by law; quarantine restrictions; for any reason, whether caused by partial or full strikes, lockouts, work stoppages or labor restrictions; violence and riots.
② cargo exemption acts or negligence, there are four: cargo shipper or owner, its agent, or representative of the behavior; the inherent shortcomings of the goods, quality or defects caused by loss of volume or weight, or any other loss or damage; packaging is not solid; sign is unclear or inappropriate.
③ special exemption clause there are three: First, fire, and hiring people even if the fault of the carrier, the carrier is not responsible for the only carrier I have the actual fault or privity of those who caused it can not disclaim; the second is at sea to save life or property, and this is the special requirements of the ship; third caution, due diligence of potential defects can not be found.
④ sixteenth carrier Disclaimer: "not because of the carrier's actual fault or privity, or the carrier's agent or the employment of personnel caused by the fault or negligence of any other reason." This is a general terms, neither is as specific as the above sixteen, but not for their background, but for reasons other than the provisions of their general conditions.
The so-called "no fault and privity" refers not only to the carrier himself, but also the carrier's agent or hire people without fault and privity. Invoked this provision to claim the exemption benefit shall bear the burden of proof obligations, which require proof of the goods because of their loss or damage neither the actual fault or privity, nor his agent or servant of the negligence or privity of the result.
5, the claims and the statute of limitations
Notice of claim is the consignee receiving the goods, shortage or damaged goods on the status of the notification made to the carrier, claims it is one of the procedures. Consignee to the carrier notice of the claim, means that the consignee may be short on cargo damage claims to the carrier "Hague Rules" paragraph 6 of Article III: the carrier to deliver goods to the consignee, if the receiving people will not notice of the claim in writing to the carrier or his agent, then such delivery shall be deemed that the carrier has delivered the goods according to the provisions of the bill of lading is prima facie evidence. If the cargo loss and damage is not apparent, the consignee shall receive the goods within 3 days from the date of notice of the claim to the carrier.
"Hague Rules" provisions of the statute of limitations is: "Unless or from the date of delivery of the goods should be delivered within one year from the date of proceedings, the carrier and ship, in any case, should be exempt from the loss or damage to all of the negative responsibility. "
6, obligations and responsibilities of the shipper
① obligation to ensure that the correct description of the goods. "Hague Rules" the third paragraph 5 states: "The shipper shall ensure that the carrier when the shipment of the goods he offered a symbol, number, quantity and weight of correctness, and because of this information is incorrect on the rise or cause of all loss, damages and costs, given the carrier compensation. "
② not allowed the shipment of dangerous goods obligations. "Hague Rules" paragraph 6 of Article IV: If the shipper without the consent of the carrier and the consignment is flammable, explosive or other dangerous goods, should therefore caused directly or indirectly responsible for all damages and costs.
③ damages. According to the "Hague Rules" pursuant to article IV: The shipper is his fault or his agent or servant to the carrier or the ship for damage, liability. Can be seen, the shipper is liable for the principle of fault liability entirely.
7, the transport terms of the contract null and void
According to the "Hague Rules" the third paragraph 8 states: transport contract or agreement in any terms, any lifting of the carrier's responsibility according to the rules or obligations, or different from the rules to reduce such liabilities or obligations, null and void. Conducive to the interests of the insurance carrier or similar clause, shall be deemed to belong to relieve the carrier of liability provisions.
8, the scope of application
"Hague Rules" Article 5.2 states: "This Convention shall not apply to charter parties, but if the bill of lading issued under charter party, they should be consistent with provisions of the Convention." While Article X of the Rules : "the provisions of this Convention shall apply to any Contracting State in all bills of lading issued."
With this rule "transport contract" provisions of the definition, we can see: ① the ship under a charter contract or lease issued under the bill of lading case, if the third party bill of lading in the hands of non-carrier, that carrier is used to adjust the bill of lading relationship with the bill of lading holder, the "Hague Rules" still applies. ② not "Hague Rules" bill of lading issued by States, although not part of the "Hague Rules" mandatory scope, but if there on the bill of lading applicable "Hague Rules" in the first clause, the "Hague Rules" agreement of the parties as applicable laws, also apply to the bill of lading.

Hague Rules, the main problems
1, more to safeguard the interests of the carrier, the disclaimers and limits on the maximum liability is particularly evident, resulting in a risk-sharing on the imbalance.
2, the form does not take into account the need for container transportation.
3, the liability provisions during the less-well, there two before loading and after discharge gap during the actual lack of accountability, is not conducive to safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the cargo.
4, unit compensation limit is too low, the limitation period is too short, too narrow in scope.
5, the interpretation of certain provisions have not yet unified, "Management of Ships" and "management of goods," the difference; and cargo loss or damage relating to the meaning; limitation of liability as a unit of the explanations, because there is no uniform interpretation and the controversial.

Attached: "Hague Rules"

Hague Rules - Article
Used in this Convention the following words have the following meanings:
(A): Carrier: including the contract of carriage with the shipper to the shipowner or charterer.
(B) "contract of carriage" applies only to property bill of lading or any similar document for the transport of goods by sea contracts; or under the charter party charter party bill of lading issued by any property or documents, they become constraints between the carrier and the certificate holder's relationship criteria, are also included.
(C) "goods" includes goods, wares, merchandise, and any variety of items, but live animals as well as stated in the contract of carriage has been carried on deck, and except for such shipments.
(D) "ship" means any transport of goods by sea for the ship.
(E) "cargo" means from the time when the goods are loaded, to remove the boat when the period ended.

Hague Rules - Article
Except in accordance with Article VI, each contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, the loading of the goods, handling, loading, transporting, custody, care and uninstall, the following provisions shall be in accordance with the responsibilities and obligations and enjoy rights and exemption.

The Hague Rules - Article
1, the carrier shall be bound before and diligence when sailing:(A) the ship for sailing; (b) appropriately equipped with crew, equipment, ships and supply vessels; (c) the cargo, refrigerated cargo tanks and other ship at the best suitable and safe for their reception, transport and storage of goods.2, except in accordance with Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully handling, transportation, loading, transporting, custody, care and discharge the goods carried.
3, the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier accepting the goods in the property of their care, after the request of the shipper, the shipper shall issue a bill of lading, it is stated as the following:
(A) and start writing by the shipper prior to loading the same provider, the goods required for the identification of the major marks, if the marks are marked by stamping or otherwise of the goods with no packaging, or in which the equipment have the goods on the box or packaging, which usually marks the end of the voyage should remain clearly identifiable.
(B) to provide the shipper in writing the number of packages or pieces, or quantity, or weight.
(C) the surface state of the goods.
However, the carrier, master or agent of the carrier, the goods do not have any marks, number, quantity or weight of that mark in the bill of lading or, if he has reasonable grounds to suspect that the bill of lading does not correctly represent the goods actually received, or without reasonable means of checking it.
4, in accordance with paragraph 3 (a), (b), (c) set out the content of such a bill of lading, should be used as the carrier received the goods contained in the bill of lading is prima facie evidence.
5, the shipper shall be deemed to have guaranteed to the carrier at the time of shipment, provided by his marks, number, quantity and weight are correct; and should pay compensation to the carrier because these items are not correct all arising out of or resulting loss, damage and expense. Carrier's right to such compensation does not relieve the shipper under the contract of carriage to any person other than the responsibilities and obligations.
6, in the goods handed over to the right under the contract of carriage or the time before receipt of the person, unless the port of discharge the cargo loss and damage in general, has been written notification to the carrier or his agent, then such transfer shall be as a carrier to deliver the goods in accordance with the provisions of the bill of lading is prima facie evidence.
If the loss or damage is not apparent, then such notification shall deliver the goods within three days from the date of submission. If the status of the goods at the time of acceptance of joint survey or inspection, we no longer need to submit a written notice.
Except from the date of delivery of the goods delivered or to be made within one year from the date of action, the carrier and the ship is in any case exempt from the loss or damage to the bear all the responsibility. Case of any actual or presumed loss or damage, the carrier and the consignee must be given to inspecting and tallying the goods, all reasonable facilities to each other.
7, the loading of the goods, if the shipper demands, the issue of "shipped" bill of lading, the carrier, master or agent of the carrier's bill of lading issued to the shipper, should be "shipped" bill of lading, if the shipper in advance property in such goods has been made in documents, such documents is also due, in exchange for a "shipped" bill of lading. However, according to the carrier's decision, in the port of loading by the carrier, master or agent of property at the documents indicated on the name of the vessel loading and shipment date. After such documents as specified above, if contained within the meaning of Article 3 projects under this section shall be "shipped" bill of lading.
8, any provision of the contract of carriage, contract or agreement, any lifting of the carrier or the ship for the negligence, fault or failure to perform duties and obligations under this article, thus causing the cargo or cargo loss or damage on the responsibility, or the following with the provisions of this Convention to reduce this responsibility, then null and void. Conducive to the interests of the insurance carrier or similar clause, shall be deemed to belong to relieve the carrier of liability provisions.

The Hague Rules - Article
1, regardless of carrier or the ship for unseaworthiness due to loss or damage caused, are not responsible, unless made = to is due to the carrier fails to Article 1 of this Article, due diligence; the appropriate ship Air; Paul 0 card properly equipped crew, equipment and supply ship, and the cargo, refrigerated compartment and the other vessel loading at the best suitable and safe for their reception, transport and storage of goods. Where by reason of unseaworthiness caused the loss and damage, for the due diligence has the burden of proof requirements under this exemption by the carrier or other = alone.
2, regardless of carrier or the ship, for the following reasons or causes loss or damage caused, is not responsible for:(A) master, mariner, pilot or the carrier of persons employed in navigation or management of the ship in the act, neglect or failure to perform obligations. (B) fire, but the carrier's actual fault or privity exception caused. (C) the sea or other navigable waters of the disaster can be dangerous and accidents. (E) acts of war. (F) acts of public enemies. (G) monarch, those in power or control or people detained, or detained by law. (H) quarantine restrictions. (I) the shipper or owner, its agent, or representative of the act or omission. (J) for any reason, whether caused by partial or full strikes, lockouts or limit stop work. (K) riots and disturbances. (L) Saving or attempting to save life or property at sea. (M) the inherent shortcomings of the goods, properties or defects caused by volume or weight loss, or any other loss or damage. (N) poor packing. (O) marks unclear or inappropriate. (P), although due diligence can not discover the potential drawbacks. (Q) not due to the carrier's actual fault or privity, or the carrier's agent, or hiring personnel caused by the fault or negligence of any other reason; but requires reference to the interests of the people of this exemption shall be responsible for the burden of proof to prove that loss of or damage to the carrier because neither the actual fault or privity, nor the carrier's agent or hire personnel caused by the fault or negligence.3, for any non-shipper, the shipper's agent or hire personnel, caused by the fault or negligence of the carrier or the ship suffered loss or damage, the shipper is irresponsible.
4, for the relief or attempting to save life or property at sea deviation occurred, or any reasonable deviation, are not as damage or violation of this Convention or the behavior of the contract of carriage; carrier for any resulting loss or damage caused, not responsible.
6, the carrier or the ship, in any case relating to the goods on the goods or loss of or damage to, or each unit over one hundred pounds per billing or its equivalent in other currencies part, not responsible; but checked people in prior to loading cargo on the nature and value of the proposed declaration, and has been indicated in the bill of lading, unless.
The statement by the load, such as bills of lading, that as prima facie evidence, but it is not binding on the carrier or the final.
The carrier, master or agent of the carrier and shipper agreement may provide that the provisions of this paragraph is different from the other maximum, but not less than the maximum amount.
If the carrier bill of lading, intentionally misrepresent the nature or value of the goods, in any case, the carrier or the ship, cargo or for loss or damage relating to the goods, not responsible.
7, the carrier, master or agent of the carrier do not know in advance the nature of the load with flammable, explosive or dangerous goods can be unloaded at any time prior to its disposal in any place, or destroy, or rendered harmless, without payment of compensation; the cargo shipper, the cargo load response due directly or indirectly, damage or expense arising from all responsibility. If you know the nature of the cargo carrier and has agreed to load, then ship the goods or hazardous cargo, the same may also be that the goods unloaded at any place, or destroy, or make no harm, and liable, but the general average unless the event.

Hague Rules - Article
Carrier is free to give up all or part of this Convention under his rights and immunities or to increase what he should bear any of the responsibilities and obligations. However, such a waiver or increase shall be issued to the shipper's bill of lading.
Provisions of this Convention does not apply to charter parties, but if the bill of lading issued under charter party, the bill of lading should be consistent with the provisions of this Convention. Any provision of this Convention are without prejudice to filling the bill of lading relating to any legal provisions of general average.

Hague Rules - Article
Notwithstanding the foregoing provision, they do not violate public order, the carrier, master or agent of the carrier was on the carrier and the shipper of goods for any particular responsibilities and obligations, and rights enjoyed by and immunities, or seaworthiness of the ship's responsibility, in any condition, free to enter into any agreement. Or officer or agent of the carrier employed in the marine cargo loading, handling, loading, transporting, custody, care and attention and care should uninstall issues, freedom to enter into any agreement. However, in this case, must not issue or not issue bills of lading, and the terms of the agreement shall not transfer loads and indicate the receipt of such words.
Entered into any such agreement has full force and effect.
But this section shall not apply to transactions in accordance with normal trade procedures in general freight business, but only to be shipped in the nature and status of the property, or for transportation, according to the environment, the terms and conditions, have entered into special agreements, when reasonably necessary to to apply.

Hague Rules - Article
Any provision of this Treaty, does not prevent the carrier or shipper for the carrier or the ship on the sea before the ship's cargo at loading or unloading after the loss or damage suffered, or the goods custody, care and handling the loss of or damage to the responsibilities and obligations, enter into any agreement, terms, conditions, reservations or exclusions.

Hague Rules - Article
The Convention provides that the shipowner will not affect the ocean limitation of liability under any existing law the rights and obligations of the carrier.

The Hague Rules - Article IX
The monetary unit referred to the Convention for the price of gold.
Where the parties are not in pounds sterling as a currency unit, it will have to keep the pound within the meaning of this Convention amounts to a way round for the national currency equivalent to the right.
National laws for the debtor to retain the ship arrived in port of discharge, according to the date of notification of the exchange rate in local currency to pay off the debt of its right to the goods.

Hague Rules - Article
The provisions of this Convention and applicable to any State Party in all bills of lading issued.

The Hague Rules - Article XI
From the date of signature of this Convention does not exceed the period of two years, the Belgian government should have declared a party to this Convention to be ratified to keep in touch, in order to decide whether this Convention enters into force. Ratification States Parties shall consult to determine the date of deposit in Brussels. The first load of ratification shall be deposited by the participating countries and representatives of the Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs within the protocol signed.
After the deposit of ratification, shall notify in writing sent to the Belgian Government, together with approval documents.
Belgian Government, should be immediately recorded for the first time the instrument of ratification of the Protocol and the paragraph on notification of ratification accompanying such certified copies, sent through diplomatic channels, have signed this Convention or acceded to the Convention countries. Circumstances referred to in the previous paragraph, the Belgian Government shall be notified at the same time, Zhi Zhao countries.

Hague Rules - Article XII
Who have not traveled the country signed the Convention, whether or not to attend the international conference held in Brussels, can accede to it.
To be added to this Convention, shall be notified in writing of its intention to the Government of Belgium, and sent its accession documents, the file should be stored in the archives of the Belgian Government.
Belgian Government will accede to this Convention shall be immediately certified the notice a copy of distribution have signed this Convention or acceded to this Convention, and indicate the date of its receipt of such notification.

Hague Rules - Article XIII
States signing, ratifying or acceding to this Convention, declare that its acceptance of the Convention does not include any or all of the dominion or colony, overseas possessions, protectorates or in its sovereignty or authority under the jurisdiction of the area; and can then represent these statement did not include any dominion or colony, overseas possessions, protectorates or regions will be added to this Convention. Parties can also provisions of this Convention, on behalf of Dominion or any of its colonies, overseas possessions, protectorates or the sovereignty or territorial authority will be under the jurisdiction denounce this Convention.

Hague Rules - Article XIV
The first instrument of ratification on the Convention between the countries, the Protocol recorded in the year after the date of deposit into effect. After ratifying or acceding to this Convention under article 13 the provisions of national or make the entry into force of the country, this Belgian government received 11, paragraph 2 and Article 12, paragraph 2 take effect six months after the notice.
Hague Rules - Article XV
If parties wish to denounce the present Convention, the Belgian Government written notice of the application, the Belgian Government immediately notify the certified copies thereof to other countries, and indicate the date of its receipt of such notification.
This exit is only valid for the notifying country, the effective date of the notice from the date of service of the Belgian Government a year later.

Hague Rules - Article XVI
Any State Party has the right to amend the Convention to consider the matter, the request to convene a new meeting.
To exercise this right of the State, through the Belgian Government to its intention to notify other countries, a meeting arranged by the Belgian Government matters.
August 25th, 1924 at Brussels, namely a.
Protocol signed
The signing of the "uniform bill of lading number of the International Convention for the rule of law", the following Plenipotentiaries have signed this Protocol used; this Protocol as if it had included in its terms as attached to the Convention, have the same effect.
States Parties to give legal effect to this Convention, or the rules adopted by this Convention in order to form appropriate to their national legislation into law in the country, to take effect.
States Parties shall retain the following powers:
1, the fourth event of the provisions of paragraph 2 (c) to (p) above situation, the holder shall be entitled to bill of lading is not in paragraph (a) As mentioned in the carrier's fault or his staff by hiring loss or damage caused by the development of accountability.
2, the coastal trade in the country, under Article VI of the points will be used for a variety of goods, irrespective of which restricted under the last paragraph